ブチロニトリル 化學特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
無色～わずかにうすい黃色, 澄明の液體
溶解性
水に微溶, エタノール, エーテルに易溶。エタノール及びアセトンに極めて溶けやすく、水にわずかに溶ける。
用途
溶剤、有機合成原料。
用途
化學品、醫(yī)薬品の基礎原料、トリの薬
化學的特性
n-Butyronitrile has a sharp suffocating odor. Forms cyanide in the body. Butyronitrile [109-74-0], propyl cyanide, butanenitrile, CH3(CH2)2CN, is a colorless liquid slightly miscible with water, miscible with ethanol and diethyl ether. The physical properties are listed in Table 1. Butyronitrile is usually obtained by the catalytic gase-phase reaction of butanol or butyraldehyde with ammonia. Its major use is the manufacture of the poultry drug amprolium.
使用
Butyronitrile is used as a chemical intermediate.
定義
ChEBI: A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a propyl group.
調(diào)製方法
n-Butyronitrile is prepared from 1-butanol by controlled cyanation with NH
3 at
300°C in the presence of Ni-Al
20
3 or zinc phosphide catalysts.
一般的な説明
A clear colorless liquid. Flash point 76°F. Less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. Used in the manufacture of other chemicals.
空気と水の反応
Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water.
反応プロフィール
BUTYRONITRILE can react vigorously with oxidizing reagents, when heated to decomposition, BUTYRONITRILE emits highly toxic fumes of cyanides and oxides of nitrogen [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 609]. Nitriles may polymerize in the presence of metals and some metal compounds. They are incompatible with acids; mixing nitriles with strong oxidizing acids can lead to extremely violent reactions. Nitriles are generally incompatible with other oxidizing agents such as peroxides and epoxides. The combination of bases and nitriles can produce hydrogen cyanide. Nitriles are hydrolyzed in both aqueous acid and base to give carboxylic acids (or salts of carboxylic acids). These reactions generate heat. Peroxides convert nitriles to amides. Nitriles can react vigorously with reducing agents. Acetonitrile and propionitrile are soluble in water, but nitriles higher than propionitrile have low aqueous solubility. They are also insoluble in aqueous acids.
危険性
Flammable, dangerous fire risk.
健康ハザード
n-Butyronitrile is considered a highly hazardous material and full precautions
should be used to prevent skin contact or inhalation of the vapor. Inhaled n-butyronitrile is about 2.4 times as toxic as acetonitrile. In order to protect
workers, the recommended TWA limit is obtained by dividing that for acetonitrile
by the factor 2.4. NIOSH has therefore recommended that employee exposure
should not exceed 8 ppm (v/v) (22 mg/m
3) compound as a TLV-TWA.
火災危険
Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic cyanide fumes
工業(yè)用途
n-Butyronitrile is used as an industrial solvent, an intermediate in the chemical industry and in poultry medicines.
安全性プロファイル
A poison by ingestion,
skin contact, intraperitoneal, and
subcutaneous routes. Moderately toxic by
inhalation. Experimental reproductive data.
A skin irritant. Dangerous fire hazard when
exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers. To
fight fire, use alcohol foam. When heated to
decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx
and CN-.
純化方法
Treat it with conc HCl until the smell of the isonitrile had gone, then dry with K2CO3 and fractionally distil [Turner J Chem Soc 1681 1956]. Alternatively it is twice heated at 75o and stirred for several hours with a mixture of 7.7g Na2CO3 and 11.5g KMnO4 per L of butyronitrile. The mixture is cooled, then distilled. The middle fraction is dried over activated alumina. [Schoeller & Wiemann J Am Chem Soc 108 22 1986, Beilstein 2 IV 806.]
廃棄物の処理
Burning in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber is the most effective way to destroy the compound. Oxidation with ethanolic–KOH can convert butyronitrile to nonhazardous cyanate.
ブチロニトリル 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品