DDT Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSE KRISTALLEODER WEISSES PULVER. TECHNISCHES PRODUKT IST WACHSARTIG.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Beim Verbrennen Bildung giftiger und ?tzender Rauche mit Chlorwasserstoff. Reagiert mit Aluminium und Eisen.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 1 mg/m? (als TWA); Krebskategorie A3 (best?tigte krebserzeugende Wirkung beim Tier mit unbekannter Bedeutung für den Menschen); (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: 1 mg/m?(Einatembare Fraktion); Hautresorption; Spitzenbegrenzung: überschreitungsfaktor: II(8); (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den K?rper durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Verdampfung bei 20 °C vernachl?ssigbar; eine gesundheitssch?dliche Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch schnell erreicht werden, vor allem als Pulver.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Reizt m?glicherweise mechanisch. M?glich sind Auswirkungen auf das Zentralnervensystem mit nachfolgenden Kr?mpfen und Atemnot. Exposition in hohen Konzentrationen kann zum Tode führen. ?rztliche Beobachtung notwendig.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
M?glich sind Auswirkungen auf Zentralnervensystem und Leber. M?glicherweise krebserzeugend für den Menschen. Tierversuche zeigen, dass die Substanz m?glicherweise fruchtbarkeitssch?digend oder entwicklungssch?digend wirken kann.
LECKAGE
NICHT in die Umwelt gelangen lassen. Verschüttetes Material in abdichtbaren, nichtmetallischen Beh?ltern sammeln; falls erforderlich durch Anfeuchten Staubentwicklung verhindern. Reste sorgf?ltig sammeln. An sicheren Ort bringen. Pers?nliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzger?t, P3-Filter für giftige Partikel.
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R25:Giftig beim Verschlucken.
R40:Verdacht auf krebserzeugende Wirkung.
R48/25:Giftig: Gefahr ernster Gesundheitssch?den bei l?ngerer Exposition durch Verschlucken.
R50/53:Sehr giftig für Wasserorganismen, kann in Gew?ssern l?ngerfristig sch?dliche Wirkungen haben.
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
R39/23/24/25:Giftig: ernste Gefahr irreversiblen Schadens durch Einatmen, Berührung mit der Haut und durch Verschlucken.
R23/24/25:Giftig beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
R52/53:Sch?dlich für Wasserorganismen, kann in Gew?ssern l?ngerfristig sch?dliche Wirkungen haben.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S22:Staub nicht einatmen.
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn m?glich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S60:Dieses Produkt und sein Beh?lter sind als gef?hrlicher Abfall zu entsorgen.
S61:Freisetzung in die Umwelt vermeiden. Besondere Anweisungen einholen/Sicherheitsdatenblatt zu Rate ziehen.
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
S33:Ma?nahmen gegen elektrostatische Aufladungen treffen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
S7:Beh?lter dicht geschlossen halten.
Aussehen Eigenschaften
C14H9Cl5. (Dichlordiphenyltrichlorethan; 1,1,1-Trichlor-2,2-bis(4-chlorphenyl)ethan).
Farbloser oder weißer kristalliner Feststoff mit schwach aromatischen Geruch. In Wasser nur schlecht löslich.
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Gefährliche Reaktiuonen mit Basen, Oxidationsmitteln, Eisen und Eisensalzen, Oxidationsmitteln. Verbrennungsprodukte oder Pyrolyseprodukte sind CO, CO2, Phosgen und HCl.
Sehr giftig beim Verschlucken (Magen-Darm-Reizungen). Bei längerer Exposition Gefahr ernster irreversibler Schäden. Augenkontakt führt zu Verätzungen. DDT wirkt schädigend auf das zentrale Nervensystem. Geringe Konzentrationen führen zu Kopfschmerzen, Schwindel und Benommenheit. Höhere Konzentrationen verursachen Atemlähmung, Krämpfe, Herzrhytmusstörungen, Kammerflimmern und Herzstillstand. Tödliche Dosis 10 g. Kann über die Nahrungskette aufgenommmen (lipophil und beständig) und im Körper gespeichert werden.
Kann Krebs erzeugen.
Kann vererbbare Schäden verursachen - Veränderung von genetischemMaterial möglich.
Stark wassergefährtender Stoff (WGK 3).
Schutzma?nahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Arbeiten nur im Abzug durchführen. Nicht in die Augen, auf die Haut oder auf die Kleidung gelangen lassen. Staub nicht einatmen.
Schutzhandschuhe (nur als kurzfristiger Spritz- bzw. Staubschutz).
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Verschüttete Substanz vorsichtig aufnehmen. In geeigneten Behälter bis zur entgültigen Entsorgung lagern. Gründlich nachreinigen.
CO
2, Pulver.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Mit Wasser und Seife reinigen. In
keinem Fall Lösungsmittel, die die Resorption des DDT fördern können, verwenden.
Nach Augenkontakt: Mit viel Wasser bei geöffnetem Augenlid mindestens 15 Minuten spülen. Augenarzt.
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft. Sofort Auxilosonspray (5 Hübe alle 10 Minuten). Arzt!
Nach Verschlucken: Wasser mit Kohlezusatz trinken. Erbrechen auslösen. Notarzt!
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Kontaminierte Kleidung sofort ausziehen.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
DDT in einem organischen Lösungsmittel gelöst und wird als Sondermüll (Halogenhaltige Lösungsmittel) entsorgt.
Beschreibung
DDT is a polychlorinated persistent chemical that exists as a solid under normal conditions.Even though DDT seemed to be a cheap and effective pesticide, enough was known in its
early development to raise concerns. DDT is a persistent chemical that lasts a long time in
the environment. DDT is fat-soluble and not readily metabolized by higher organisms. Th is
meant that DDT accumulated in the fat tissues of higher organisms.
Chemische Eigenschaften
The technical p,p′-DDT is a waxy solid but in its pure form appears as colourless crystals. It is a mixture of three isomers, namely, p,p′-DDT isomer (about ca. 85%); o,p′-DDT; and o,o′-DDT (in smaller levels). DDT is very soluble in cyclohexanone, dioxane, benzene, xylene, trichloroethylene, dichloromethane, acetone, chloroform, diethyl ether, ethanol, and methanol.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Whites crystals or waxy solid, with a faint, fragrant, aromatic-like odor. Tasteless. Odor threshold
concentration is 200 ppb (quoted, Keith and Walters, 1992) and in water, 350 μg/kg (Sigworth,
1964).
Verwenden
4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane is a synthetic organochlorine insecticide. 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane functions by opening sodium ion channels in the insects’neurons, causing them to f
ire spontaneously which in turn leads to death. 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane is banned for agricultural use in North America, it is still commonly used in some countries and particularly as a
means of malaria control.
Definition
ChEBI: A chlorophenylethane that is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-diphenylethane substituted by additional chloro substituents at positions 4 of the phenyl substituents. It is a commonly used organochlorine insecticide.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Odorless colorless solid. Sinks in water.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Insoluble in water.
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
4,4'-DDT may react with iron, aluminum, aluminum and iron salts, and alkalis. 4,4'-DDT is incompatible with ferric chloride and aluminum chloride. 4,4'-DDT can also react with strong oxidizing materials. .
Health Hazard
Very large doses are followed promptly by vomiting, due to local gastric irritation; delayed emesis or diarrhea may occur. With smaller doses, symptoms usually appear 2-3 hours after ingestion. These include tingling of lips, tongue, and face; malaise, headache, sore throat, fatigue, coarse tremors of neck, head, and eyelids; apprehension, ataxia, and confusion. Convulsions may alternate with periods of coma and partial paralysis. Vital signs are essentially normal, but in severe poisoning the pulse may be irregular and abnormally slow; ventricular fibrillation and sudden death may occur at any time during acute phase. Pulmonary edema usually indicates solvent intoxication.
Kontakt-Allergie
This insecticide was formerly reported as a sensitizer in farmers or agricultural workers.
Pharmakologie
DDT is a nerve poison that affects the
sodium channel of nerve membranes. It is a nonsystemic
insecticide with contact and stomach action.
The most important reactions of DDT (1) are dehydrochlorination
to DDE (2) and reductive dechlorination
to DDD (3). These reactions occur abiotically, in vivo and
in soils. The products resemble DDT in their recalcitrance
toward environmental degradation. The stability of DDT
and its principal metabolites DDD and DDE, in combination
with their lipid solubility and resistance to biological
degradation, resulted in their bioconcentration in
fish and other organisms exposed to extremely low levels
of these compounds in water. Although metabolism
of DDT in mammals may proceed via DDD to give 4,4-
dichlorodiphenylacetic acid (5), DDE is also formed and
stored in fat. It may be slowly depleted by oxidative reactions,
and ringhydroxylated derivativeshave been detected
in mammals and wildlife samples. Consumption of DDT
residues in wildlife and fish by predators resulted in
adverse effects.
Toxikologie
Although DDT [1,1-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)bis(4-chlorobenzene)] has been banned in the United States since 1972, it remains one of the best-known synthetic pesticides. Because DDT is a very nonpolar molecule, it has high lipid solubility. Since DDT is also extremely stable, it accumulates in animal tissues and in the food chain. DDT is still one of the most abundant pesticide residues in food. During the 40 years following DDT s commercial introduction in the 1940s, more than 4 billion pounds were used to control insect-borne diseases. Until 1972, DDT was widely used in the United States, mostly on cotton, peanuts, and soybeans. As a result of its use, DDT residues are now ubiquitous in the environment, and at the present time, some level can be detected in almost all biological and environmental samples. In addition, due to its high lipid solubility, DDT concentrates in milk. When DDT was widely used, levels in human milk and adipose tissue were found to be higher than concentrations permitted in meat and dairy products. However, since its use has been prohibited, storage levels of DDT in human tissue have declined significantly. DDT is, however, still in use in other countries, largely to control insect-borne diseases that pose a substantial threat to public health.
m?gliche Exposition
DDT is a low-cost broad-spectrum
insecticide. However, following an extensive review of
health and environmental hazards of the use of DDT,
United States Environmental Protection Agency decided to
ban further use of DDT in December 1972. This decision
was based on several properties of DDT that had been well
evidenced
: DDT and its metabolites are toxicants with
long-term persistence in soil and water
; it is widely dis-
persed by erosion, runoff, and volatization
; and the low-
water solubility and high lipophilicity of DDT result in
concentrated accumulation of DDT in the fat of wildlife
and humans which may be hazardous.
Carcinogenicity
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Environmental Fate
Biological. In four successive 7-day incubation periods, p,p′-DDT (5 and 10 mg/L)
was recalcitrant to degradation in a settled domestic wastewater inoculum (Tabak et al.,
1981).
The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium degraded p,p′-DDT yielding the
following metabolites: 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p′-DDD), 2,2,2-
trichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol (dicofol), 2,2-dichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)
e
Mineralization of p,p′-DDT by the white rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus, Phellinus weirri
and Polyporus versicolor was also demonstrated (Bumpus and Aust, 1987). Aerobacter
aerogenes degraded p,p′-DDT under aerobic conditions to p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, 1-chloro
Under aerobic conditions, the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii (Neff strain ATCC
30.010) degraded p,p′-DDT to p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD and dibenzophenone (Pollero and
dePollero, 1978).
Incubation of p,p′-DDT with hematin and ammonia gave p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, bis(pchlorophenyl)
acetonitrile, 1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene, 4,4′-dichlorobenzophenone
and the methyl ester of bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid (Quirke et al., 1979).
Stoffwechselwegen
Upon UV irradiation with methyl oleate, DDT is
extensively added to the carbon ? carbon double bond
of methyloleate via radical mechanisms. Besides
chlorinated stearic acids, several addition products are
formed, offering new possibilities to produce bound
residues in plants. A mixture of hemin and excess
cysteine (the hemin ? cysteine model system) is able to
degrade DDT partially and the major degradation
products are three water-soluble, non-toxic conjugates
of DDT metabolites with cysteine which lose two or
three of the five chlorine atoms of DDT. In the
presence of a designed 24-residue polypeptide or
b-casein, two DDT-binding proteins, an additional
fourfold increase in the rate of DDT degradation is
observed. Although the concentrations of DDT and
cysteine occurring in an organism would be expected to be lower than those in the experiments described,
the formation of water-soluble conjugates of DDT with
cysteine (and other amino acids) could also play a role
in metabolism and excretion of DDT in vivo.
Stoffwechsel
DDT decomposed very slowly in
sunlight, and 93% was recovered unchanged from the
surface of an apple after 3 months. DDE decomposed more
rapidly than DDT in sunlight.
Other reports indicate that DDT was photolyzed under
field conditions to give products, including DDE, 4,4-
dichlorobenzophenone (6), 4-chlorobenzoyl chloride, 4-
chlorobenzoic acid, and 4-chlorophenyl 4-chlorobenzoate. Irradiation of DDT at shorter wavelengths under
laboratory conditions gave a variety of products that
arose from reactions of photolytically generated radicals.
Versand/Shipping
UN2761 Organochlorine pesticides, solid, toxic,
Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
l?uterung methode
Crystallise DDT from n-propyl alcohol (5mL/g), then dry it in air or an air oven at 50-60o. Alternatively crystallise it from 95% EtOH, and the purity is checked by TLC. [Beilstein 5 III 1833.] TOXIC INSECTICIDE.
Inkompatibilit?ten
Contact with strong oxidizers may cause
fire and explosion hazard. Incompatible with salts of iron
or aluminum, and bases. Do not store in iron containers
Waste disposal
Incineration has been success-
fully used on a large scale for several years; huge incinera-
tor equipment with scrubbers to catch HCl, a combustion
product, are in use at several facilities, such as Hooker
Chemical, Dow Chemical and other producers of chlori-
nated hydrocarbon products. One incinerator operates @
900
C 1400
C with air and steam added which precludes
formation of Cl2. A few companies also constructed
incinerator-scrubber combinations of smaller size, e.g., a
system built by Garver-Davis, Inc., of Cleveland, Ohio, for
the Canadian government, can handle 200 500 lb DDT/
day as a kerosene solution. In accordance with 40CFR165,
follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and
pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by follow-
ing package label directions or by contacting your local or
federal environmental control agency, or by contacting
your regional EPA office. Consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal
practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant
(≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations govern-
ing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.
DDT Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
