Dimethylsulfoxid Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSE, HYGROSKOPISCHE FLüSSIGKEIT
PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN
Die D?mpfe sind schwerer als Luft und k?nnen sich am Boden ausbreiten. Fernzündung m?glich.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Zersetzung beim Erhitzen oder Verbrennen unter Bildung giftiger Rauche mit Schwefeloxiden. Reagiert sehr heftig mit starken Oxidationsmitteln, wie z.B. Perchloraten.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV nicht festgelegt (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: IIb (nicht festgelegt, aber Informationen vorhanden) Hautresorption; (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den K?rper durch Inhalation, über die Haut und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Nur ungenügende Angaben vorhanden über die Geschwindigkeit, mit der eine gesundheitssch?dliche Konzentration in der Luft beim Verdampfen bei 20°C erreicht wird.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz reizt die Augenund die Haut. Exposition gegenüber hohen Konzentrationen der Substanz kann Bewusstseinstrübung verursachen. Kann die Hautresorption anderer Stoffe beschleunigen (s. Anm.).
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Wiederholter oder andauernder Hautkontakt kann Dermatitis hervorrufen. M?glich sind Auswirkungen auf Leberund Blut mit nachfolgenden Funktionsst?rungenund Blutzellsch?digungen.
LECKAGE
Belüftung. Ausgelaufene Flüssigkeit m?glichst in abdichtbaren Beh?ltern sammeln. Reste mit Sand oder inertem Absorptionsmittel aufnehmen und an einen sicheren Ort bringen. Besondere Vorsicht, um Hautresorption zu vermeiden. Pers?nliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzfilter für organische Gase und D?mpfe.
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S24/25:Berührung mit den Augen und der Haut vermeiden.
S37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
S23:Gas/Rauch/Dampf/Aerosol nicht einatmen(geeignete Bezeichnung(en) vom Hersteller anzugeben).
Aussehen Eigenschaften
C2H6OS Methylsulfinylmethan, DMSO, Lösungsmittel
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Mit Alkalimetallen, Hydriden, Nitraten, Halogen-Halogenverb., Perchlorsäure, Nichtmetall-Halogeniden, Halogen-Sauerstoffverb., Säurehalogeniden, stark.Oxidationsmitteln; beim Erhitzen in dampf-/gasförm. Zustand mit Luft explosionsfähig.
Schutzma?nahmen und Verhaltensregeln
dicht verschlossen, trocken, an gut belüftetem Ort, von Zündquellen entfernt, bei Zimmertemperartur (+15-+25鳦).
Laborschutzbrille mit Seitenschutz und oberer Augenraumabdeckung.
Neopren-Handschuhe als kurzzeitiger Spritzschutz
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Mit flüssigkeitsbindenden Materialen (Vermiculite, Textilien, Sägemehl, Sand usw.) aufnehmen und als Sonderabfall entsorgen. Nachreinigen mit Wasser.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Mit reichlich Wasser abwaschen;
Nach Augenkontakt: 15 Minuten bei gespreizten Lidern beide Augen unter fließendem Wasser (Augendusche) ausspülen. Augenarzt konsultieren!
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft. Ggf.Atemspende oder Gerätebeatmung. Atemwege freihalten.
Nach Verschlucken: Arzt hinzuziehen. Vorsicht beim Erbrechen.
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Kontaminierte Kleidung entfernen.
Paraffinöl (3ml/kg), Natriumsulfat (1Eßl/ 1/4l Wasser)
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Falls Recycling nicht möglich, die Substanz zur Sonderabfallverbrennung geben. Auskunft: Hr. Riepl (8884711) od. Hr. Uhl für Klinikum (2015557).
Beschreibung
First synthesized in 1866 by Alexander Zaytsev in the Russian
Empire, dimethyl sulfoxide is an organosulfur compound. This
colorless liquid is an important polar aprotic solvent that
dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds and is miscible
in a wide range of organic solvents as well as water.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Dimethyl sulfoxide occurs as a colorless, viscous liquid, or as colorless crystals that are miscible with water, alcohol, and ether. The material hasa slightly bitter taste with a sweet aftertaste, and is odorless, or has a slight odor characteristic of dimethyl sulfoxide.Dimethyl sulfoxide is extremely hygroscopic, absorbing up to 70% of its own weight in water with evolution of heat.
Occurrence
Reported found in apple, raspberry, cabbage, cucumber, onion, tomato, peppermint and spearmint oils, milk,
pork liver, beer, rum, cocoa, coffee, black tea, oatmeal, soybean, beetroot, parsnip root, watercress, sweet corn, malt, cooked shrimp
and oysters
Verwenden
Dimethyl sulfoxide (1-10%) has been shown to accelerate strand renaturation and is believed to give the nucleic acid thermal stability against depurination. As a PCR cosolvent, DMSO may help improve yields, especially in long PCR.
Definition
ChEBI: A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.
Vorbereitung Methode
Dimethyl sulfoxide is prepared by air oxidation of dimethyl sulfide in the presence of nitrogen oxides. It can also be obtained as a by product of wood pulp manufacture for the paper and allied industries.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
A clear liquid, essentially odorless. Closed cup flash point 192°F. Vapors are heavier than air. Contact with the skin may cause stinging and burning and lead to an odor of garlic on the breath. An excellent solvent that can transport toxic solutes through the skin. High vapor concentrations may cause headache, dizziness, and sedation.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Denser than water and miscible in water.
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
Dimethyl sulfoxide decomposes violently on contact with many acyl halides, aryl halides and related compounds such as phenyl and tolyl chloride, acetyl chloride, benzenesulfonyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, cyanuric chloride, phosphorus chloride, phosphorus oxychloride, and thionyl chloride [Chem. Eng. News 35(9):87 (1957)]. Reacts, possibly violently, with iodine pentafluoride [Chem. Eng. News 47(12):, 109(1969)]. Vacuum distillation from anhydrous magnesium perchlorate led to an explosion [MCA Case History 1187(1966)]. Violently reactive with fluorinating agents such as silver fluoride [Chem. Eng. News 44(24):7(1956)]. Can explode with sodium hydride [Chem. Eng. News 44(24):7(1966)]. Mixture with methyl bromide resulted in an explosion that shattered the apparatus [NFPA 491M, 1991]. Forms salts with perchloric acid that are explosive when dry [Chem. Abst. 44:p3935d (1950)]. Decomposes when heated above normal boiling point.
Health Hazard
The acute toxicity of DMSO by all routes of exposure is very low. Inhalation of
DMSO vapor can cause irritation of the respiratory tract, and at higher
concentrations may cause vomiting, chills, headache, and dizziness. The material is
only slightly toxic by ingestion and may cause vomiting, abdominal pain, and
lethargy. Dimethyl sulfoxide is relatively nontoxic by skin absorption, but can cause
itching, scaling, and a transient burning sensation. Dimethyl sulfoxide can increase
the tendency for other chemicals to penetrate the skin and so increase their toxic
effects. Contact of DMSO liquid with the eyes may cause irritation with redness,
pain, and blurred vision.
Chronic exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide can cause damage to the cornea of the eye.
Dimethyl sulfoxide has not been found to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or
developmental toxicity in humans
Flammability and Explosibility
Combustible when exposed to heat or flame (NFPA rating = 1). Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used to fight DMSO fires.
Chemische Reaktivit?t
Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reaction; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.
Biologische Aktivit?t
Solvent with wide ranging applications in biological research.
Environmental Fate
Most physiological properties of DMSO appear to be related to
its penetration properties, its potential to inhibit or stimulate
enzymes and to act as a free radical scavenger, and its ability to cause histamine release from mast cells. These properties are
largely based on DMSO’s chemical characteristics, including its
hydrogen bonding behavior, water affinity, ability to interchange
with water in membranes, and ability to react with
organic molecules.
Lager
Dimethyl sulfoxide is reasonably stable to heat,but upon prolonged reflux it decomposes slightly to methyl mercaptan and bismethylthiomethane. This decomposition is aided by acids, and is retarded by many bases. When heated to decomposition, toxic fumes are emitted.
At temperatures between 40 and 60°C, it has been reported that dimethyl sulfoxide suffers a partial breakdown, which is indicated by changes in physical properties such as refractive index, density, and viscosity.
Dimethyl sulfoxide should be stored in airtight, light-resistant containers. The PhEur 6.0 states that glass containers should be used. Contact with plastics should be avoided.
l?uterung methode
This colourless, odourless, very hygroscopic liquid, is synthesised from dimethyl sulfide. The main impurity is water, with a trace of dimethyl sulfone. The Karl-Fischer test is applicable. It is dried with Linde types 4A or 13X molecular sieves, by prolonged contact and passage through a column of the material, then distilled under reduced pressure. Other drying agents include CaH2, CaO, BaO and CaSO4. It can also be fractionally crystallised by partial freezing. More extensive purification is achieved by standing overnight with freshly heated and cooled chromatographic grade alumina. It is then refluxed for 4hours over CaO, dried over CaH2, and fractionally distilled at low pressure. For efficiency of desiccants in drying dimethyl sulfoxide see Burfield and Smithers [J Org Chem 43 3966 1978, Sato et al. J Chem Soc, Dalton Trans 1949 1986]. [Reddy Pure Appl Chem 25 459 1969, Beilstein 1 IV 1277.] Rapid purification: Stand over freshly activated alumina, BaO or CaSO4 overnight. Filter and distil it over CaH2 under reduced pressure (~ 12 mm Hg). Store it over 4A molecular sieves.
Inkompatibilit?ten
DMSO reacts violently with strong oxidizers, many acyl halides, boron hydrides, and alkali metals. DMSO can form explosive mixtures with metal salts of oxoacids (sodium perchlorate, iron(III) nitrate).
Waste disposal
Excess dimethyl sulfoxide and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines.
Regulatory Status
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database(IVinfusions,SC implants, and topical preparations). Available in the USA as a 50% solution for irrigation in the treatment of interstitial cystitis. Also available in Canada as a 70% solution for use as a topical antifibrotic, and in Germany as a topical gel containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide for the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders. Included in topical formulations of idoxuridine and diclofenac licensed in the UK.
Dimethylsulfoxid Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
