| Identification | More | [Name]
Citric acid | [CAS]
77-92-9 | [Synonyms]
AMMONIACAL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE BUFFER
BETZ 0623
BETZ 6251
BORIC ACID-POTASSIUM CHLORIDE-SODIUM HYDROXIDE BUFFER
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, BORATE/HYDROCHLORIC ACID
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, BORIC ACID/POTASSIUM CHLORIDE/SODIUM HYDROXIDE
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, CITRATE/HYDROCHLORIC ACID
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, CITRATE/SODIUM HYDROXIDE
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, GLYCINE/HYDROCHLORIC ACID
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 1.00
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 10.00
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 11.00
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 12.00
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 13.00
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 2.00
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 3.00
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 4.00
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 5.00
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 7.00
BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 8.00 | [EINECS(EC#)]
201-069-1 | [Molecular Formula]
C6H8O7 | [MDL Number]
MFCD00163176 | [Molecular Weight]
192.12 | [MOL File]
77-92-9.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Appearance]
White crystalline powder | [Melting point ]
153-159 °C (lit.) | [Boiling point ]
248.08°C (rough estimate) | [density ]
1.542 | [vapor density ]
7.26 (vs air)
| [vapor pressure ]
<0.1 hPa (20 °C) | [FEMA ]
2306 | [refractive index ]
1.493~1.509 | [Fp ]
100 °C | [storage temp. ]
Store at RT. | [solubility ]
H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
| [form ]
grit
| [pka]
3.14(at 20℃) | [color ]
White | [Odor]
Odorless | [PH]
1.0-2.0 (25℃, 1M in H2O) | [Stability:]
Stable. Incompatible with bases, strong oxidizing agents, reducing agents, metal nitrates. | [explosive limit]
8%, 65°F | [Odor Type]
odorless | [Water Solubility ]
750 g/L (20 ºC) | [Sensitive ]
Hygroscopic | [λmax]
λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.20
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.10 | [JECFA Number]
218 | [Merck ]
14,2326 | [BRN ]
782061 | [InChIKey]
KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N | [LogP]
-1.64 | [Uses]
Citric Acid is an acidulant and antioxidant produced by mold fer-
mentation of sugar solutions and by extraction from lemon juice,
lime juice, and pineapple canning residue. it is the predominant
acid in oranges, lemons, and limes. it exists in anhydrous and mono-
hydrate forms. the anhydrous form is crystallized in hot solutions
and the monohydrate form is crystallized from cold (below 36.5°c)
solutions. anhydrous citric acid has a solubility of 146 g and mono-
hydrate citric acid has a solubility of 175 g/100 ml of distilled water
at 20°c. a 1% solution has a ph of 2.3 at 25°c. it is a hygroscopic,
strong acid of tart flavor. it is used as an acidulant in fruit drinks and
carbonated beverages at 0.25–0.40%, in cheese at 3–4%, and in
jellies. it is used as an antioxidant in instant potatoes, wheat chips,
and potato sticks, where it prevents spoilage by trapping the metal
ions. it is used in combination with antioxidants in the processing
of fresh frozen fruits to prevent discoloration. | [CAS DataBase Reference]
77-92-9(CAS DataBase Reference) | [NIST Chemistry Reference]
1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-(77-92-9) | [EPA Substance Registry System]
77-92-9(EPA Substance) |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
Xi,C,T | [Risk Statements ]
R41:Risk of serious damage to eyes.
R36/37/38:Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin .
R36/38:Irritating to eyes and skin .
R37/38:Irritating to respiratory system and skin .
R34:Causes burns. | [Safety Statements ]
S26:In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice .
S39:Wear eye/face protection .
S37/39:Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection .
S24/25:Avoid contact with skin and eyes .
S36/37/39:Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection .
S45:In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible) .
S36:Wear suitable protective clothing . | [RIDADR ]
UN 1789 8/PG 3 | [WGK Germany ]
1 | [RTECS ]
GE7350000 | [F ]
9 | [TSCA ]
Yes | [HS Code ]
2918 14 00 | [Safety Profile]
Poison by intravenous
route. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous
and intraperitoneal routes. Mildly toxic byingestion. A severe eye and moderate skin
irritant. An irritating organic acid, some
allergenic properties. Combustible liquid.
Potentially explosive reaction with metal
nitrates. When heated to decomposition it
emits acrid smoke and fumes.
| [Hazardous Substances Data]
77-92-9(Hazardous Substances Data) | [Toxicity]
LD50 in mice, rats (mmol/kg): 5.0, 4.6 i.p. (Gruber, Halbeisen) |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [Description]
Citric acid is a white, crystalline, weak organic acid present in most plants and many animals as an intermediate in cellular respiration. Citric acid contains three carboxyl groups making it a carboxylic, more specifically a tricarboxylic, acid.the name citrus originates from the Greek kedromelon meaning apple of melon for the fruit citron. Greek works mention kitron, kitrion, or kitreos for citron fruit, which is an oblong fruit several inches long from the scrublike tree Citrus medica. Lemons and limes have high citric acid content, which may account for up to 8% of the fruit's dry weight.
Citric acid is a weak acid and loses hydrogen ions from its three carboxyl groups (COOH) in solution.the loss of a hydrogen ion from each group in the molecule results in the citrate ion,C3H5O(COO)33. A citric acid molecule also forms intermediate ions when one or two hydrogen atoms in the carboxyl groups ionize.the citrate ion combines with metals to form salts, the most common of which is calcium citrate. Citric acid forms esters to produce various citrates, for example trimethyl citrate and triethyl citrate. | [Chemical Properties]
Citric acid is a weak organic acid with the formula C6H8O7. It is a natural preservative / conservative and is also used to add an acidic, or sour, taste to foods and soft drinks. In biochemistry, the conjugate base of citric acid, citrate, is important as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms.
Citric acid is a commodity chemical, and more than a million tonnes are produced every year by fermentation. It is used mainly as an acidifier, as a flavoring, and as a chelating agent. | [Physical properties]
CITRIC ACID, white crystalline solid, decomposes at higher temperatures, sp gr 1.542. Citric acid is soluble in H2O or alcohol and slightly soluble in ether. The compound is a tribasic acid, forming mono-, di-, and tri- series of salts and esters.It occurs in large amounts is citrus fruits, and is used widely in industry as an acidifier, as a flavoring and chelating agent. pKa values are 5.21, 4.28 and 2.92 at 25 °C (extrapolated to zero ionic strength).
Citric acid is a good buffering agent for solutions between about pH 2 and pH 8. It is popular in many buffers in many techniques, electrophoresis (SSC Buffer #), to stop reactions, for biopurifications, crystallography... In biological systems around pH 7, the two species present are the citrate ion and mono-hydrogen citrate ion. the pH of a 1 mM solution of citric acid will be about 3.2. | [Occurrence]
Citric acid exists in greater than trace amounts in a variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably citrus fruits. Lemons and limes have particularly high concentrations of the acid; it can constitute as much as 8 % of the dry weight of these fruits (about 47 g/L in the juices ) . The concentrations of citric acid in citrus fruits range from 0.005 mol/L for oranges and grapefruits to 0.30 mol/L in lemons and limes. Within species, these values vary depending on the cultivar and the circumstances in which the fruit was grown. | [History]
The discovery of citric acid is credited to Jabir ibn Hayyan (Latin name Geber, 721–815).
Citric acid was first isolated in 1784 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786), who crystallized it from lemon juice.
The crystalline structure of anhydrous citric acid, obtained by cooling hot concentrated solution of the monohydrate form, was first elucidated by Yuill and Bennett in 1934 by X-ray diffraction.
In 1960 Nordman and co-workers further suggested that in the anhydrous form two molecules of the acid are linked through hydrogen bonds between two –COOH groups of each monomer. | [Application]
Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is known as a commodity chemical, as more than a million tonnes are produced every year by mycological fermentation on an industrial scale using crude sugar sol utions, such as molasses and strains of Aspergillus niger. Citric acid is widely distributed in plants and in animal tissues and fluids and exist in greater than grace amounts in variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably in citrus fruits such as lemon and limes. Citric acid is mainly used as an acidifier, flavoring agent and chelating agent. It was also used as a chemical restrainer particularly in developers for the collodion process and in silver nitrate solutions used for sensitizing salted and albumen papers. | [Definition]
ChEBI: Citric acid is a tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. It has a role as a food acidity regulator, a chelator, an antimicrobial agent and a fundamental metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a citrate(1-) and a citrate anion. | [Preparation]
By mycological fermentation using molasses and strains of Aspergillus niger; from citrus juices and pineapple wastes | [Biotechnological Production]
Fermentation is the technology of choice for citric acid synthesis. Different bacteria
(e.g. Arthrobacter paraffinens and Bacillus licheniformis), filamentous fungi
(e.g. Aspergilus niger and Penicillium citrinum) and yeasts (e.g. Candida tropicalis
and Yarrowia lipolytica) are able to produce citric acid. Due to high
productivity and easy handling, citric acid is usually produced by fermentation
with A. niger. For example, a product concentration of 114 g.L-1 within
168 h has been reached by cultivation of A. niger GCMC 7 on cane molasses
. On the industrial scale, submerged cultivation, surface fermentation and
solid-state fermentation are used.
In general, molasses, starch hydrolyzate and starch are used as substrates.
However, there are various studies for alternative raw materials. Solid-state
fermentation of inexpensive agricultural wastes is one possibility. For
example, high yields up to 88 % have been achieved using grape pomace as
substrate. Lowering the cost of product recovery is crucial. Different methods
using precipitation, solvent extraction, adsorption, or in situ product recovery have
been described. One interesting process could be the in situ crystallization of
citric acid during fermentation to improve the economics. | [Aroma threshold values]
By mycological fermentation using molasses and strains of Aspergillus niger; from citrus juices and pineapple wastes | [benefits]
Citric acid is not a vitamin or mineral and is not required in the diet. However, citric acid, not to be confused with ascorbic acid (vitamin C), is beneficial for people with kidney stones. It inhibits stone formation and breaks up small stones that are beginning to form. Citric acid is protective; the more citric acid in your urine, the more protected you are against forming new kidney stones. Citrate, used in calcium citrate supplements and in some medications (such as potassium citrate), is closely related to citric acid and also has stone prevention benefits. These medications may be prescribed to alkalinize your urine. | [General Description]
Citric acid appears as colorless, odorless crystals with an acid taste. Denser than water. (USCG, 1999) | [Air & Water Reactions]
The pure material is moisture sensitive (undergoes slow hydrolysis) Water soluble. | [Reactivity Profile]
Citric acid(77-92-9) reacts with oxidizing agents, bases, reducing agents and metal nitrates . Reactions with metal nitrates are potentially explosive. Heating to the point of decomposition causes emission of acrid smoke and fumes [Lewis]. | [Health Hazard]
Inhalation of dust irritates nose and throat. Contact with eyes causes irritation. | [Biochem/physiol Actions]
Citric acid in dietary form can augments absorption of aluminium in antacids. It also facilitates the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and can transform cadmium into more transportable forms. | [Biotechnological Applications]
Citric acid cycle
Citrate, the conjugate base of citric acid is one of a series of compounds involved in the physiological oxidation of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and water.
This series of chemical reactions is central to nearly all metabolic reactions, and is the source of two-thirds of the foodderived energy in higher organisms. Hans Adolf Krebs received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery. The series of reactions is known by various names, including the "citric acid cycle", the "Krebs cycle" or "Szent-Gy?rgyi — Krebs cycle", and the "tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle".
Other biological roles
Citrate is a critical component of bone, helping to regulate the size of calcium crystals. |
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