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Hydrocarbons and derivatives

Hydrocarbon compounds are also known as hydrocarbons. They are compounds only containing two elements, hydrogen and carbon. When their molecular hydrogen atoms are replaced by various kinds of other element atoms or atom groups, we can obtain various kinds of hydrocarbon derivatives. German chemist Schorlemmer had discovered butane and other hydrocarbons, and is thus known as the founder of the hydrocarbon chemistry. There are many types of hydrocarbons with number of hydrocarbons with known structure being over 2,000 kinds. Based on the connecting way of carbon bonds, they are divided into chain hydrocarbon and cyclic hydrocarbon, two types with the former one having its carbon atoms connected in a chain shape. According to the saturation degree of hydrogen atom on valence bonds, they are divided into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are namely alkanes, such as methane, ethane and so on; unsaturated hydrocarbons include olefin and alkynes with representation being ethylene and acetylene. Cyclic hydrocarbon has its intramolecular carbon bonds connected into a closed ring. It includes two kinds, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. There are many similarities between alicyclic hydrocarbons and chain hydrocarbon. General cyclic hydrocarbons are similar to hydrocarbons while cyclic olefin and cyclic alkyne are respectively similar as alkenes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons mainly refer to hydrocarbons containing benzene ring structure.

Chain hydrocarbon is also known as aliphatic hydrocarbon due to that during the initial study; it was found that oil lipid contained many of these open chain compounds. The naming of alicyclic hydrocarbons is due to its similar nature as aliphatic hydrocarbons. The nature of aromatic hydrocarbon is different from other hydrocarbons while first discovered several compounds are all scented, leading to the name which is still in use today.

Oil, gas and coal are the main source of hydrocarbons. Petroleum refining can give a variety of alkane mixture such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, etc; oil cracking, reforming give various kinds of olefins, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar contains various kinds of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, naphthalene, etc.). Many kinds of higher hydrocarbons are presented in plants such as the pigments contained in tomatoes and carrots. The wax of many kinds of plants and animals also contains higher content of alkanes. For example, beeswax contains C27H56 and C31H64; wax of spinach leaves contains C33H68, C35H72, and C37H76; wax of cabbage leaves contains C29H60 and so on. The main component of natural rubber, polyisoprene also belongs to hydrocarbon. An important application of hydrocarbons is being used as fuel and chemical raw materials. Through secondary processing of petroleum, it can give ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, xylene and naphthalene, and other basic organic industrial raw materials. From these materials, we can further prepare styrene, ethanol, acetone and other chemicals. Re-use of these raw materials can be used for manufacturing of a variety of plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibers and fine chemical products. Hydrocarbons may also be used as food for certain bacteria to utilize with those proteins (oil protein) excreted by these bacteria proteins being applied as feed. The national scale and level of processing and application of hydrocarbons may reflect the extent of economic and technological development of a country.

Hydrocarbon derivative refers to the general term of many kinds of complicated compound derived from hydrocarbon molecules with one or more hydrogen atoms being substituted by other atoms or atoms groups. Compounds derived from halogen substitution are called halogenated hydrocarbon; derived from hydroxy substitution are called alcohols or phenols; derived from carboxy substitution are called carboxylic acids. Ester, acyl halide, acid anhydride, amides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and nitriles, etc. can be considered to be the compounds derived from hydrocarbons with intramolecular hydrogen atoms being substituted by corresponding atoms. During early 19th century, German chemist Schorlemmer, based on years of experimental and theoretical studies, had first defined organic chemistry as chemistry concerning hydrocarbons and their derivatives. This definition is formulated based on the principles of atom combination theory, being more reasonable and advanced than all the previous definitions, thus further being adopted by many chemists. However, the problem is that it doesn’t distinguish the difference between organic and inorganic substances. The definition of Schorlemmer had greatly promoted the development of the theory regarding to the organic chemistry structure. He was the first man who defined organic compound as above scientific classifications, establishing a scientific system. He was the first man who divided organics into aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and further classified aliphatic compounds into hydrocarbons (saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons), halocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters and so on.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
4-Aminobenzocyclobutene 4-Aminobenzocyclobutene 55716-66-0 C8H9N
(S)-2-BENZYL-AZIRIDINE
(S)-2-BENZYL-AZIRIDINE 73058-30-7 C9H11N
N-HEXADECYLCYCLOHEXANE N-HEXADECYLCYCLOHEXANE 6812-38-0 C22H44
CIS-3-METHYL-2-PENTENE CIS-3-METHYL-2-PENTENE 922-62-3 C6H12
Toluene Toluene 108-88-3 C7H8
ALLYLCYCLOPENTANE ALLYLCYCLOPENTANE 3524-75-2 C8H14
2,4-BIS(CHLOROMETHYL)MESITYLENE 2,4-BIS(CHLOROMETHYL)MESITYLENE 1585-17-7 C11H14Cl2
1-Bromocyclododecane 1-Bromocyclododecane 7795-35-9 C12H23Br
TETRACHLOROCYCLOPROPENE TETRACHLOROCYCLOPROPENE 6262-42-6 C3Cl4
1-ETHYL-1-CYCLOPENTENE 1-ETHYL-1-CYCLOPENTENE 2146-38-5 C7H12
2,3,6-TRIFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE 2,3,6-TRIFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE 151412-02-1 C7H4BrF3
PENTACHLOROETHANE PENTACHLOROETHANE 76-01-7 C2HCl5
(S)-1-Bromo-2-methylbutane (S)-1-Bromo-2-methylbutane 534-00-9 C5H11Br
2-CHLORO-5-IODOTOLUENE 2-CHLORO-5-IODOTOLUENE 116632-41-8 C7H6ClI
1,4,7,10,13,16-HEXATHIACYCLOOCTADECANE 1,4,7,10,13,16-HEXATHIACYCLOOCTADECANE 296-41-3 C12H24S6
TRANS-2-HEPTENE TRANS-2-HEPTENE 14686-13-6 C7H14
Isobutylene Isobutylene 115-11-7 C4H8
3-FLUORO-4-IODOTOLUENE 3-FLUORO-4-IODOTOLUENE 452-79-9 C7H6FI
beta-Bromostyrene beta-Bromostyrene 103-64-0 C8H7Br
3-FLUORO-5-IODO BROMOBENZENE 3-FLUORO-5-IODO BROMOBENZENE 845866-85-5 C6H3BrFI
DIBENZOSUBERYL CHLORIDE DIBENZOSUBERYL CHLORIDE 1210-33-9 C15H13Cl
ISOBUTYLENE SULFIDE ISOBUTYLENE SULFIDE 3772-13-2 C4H8S
N-PENTADECYLCYCLOHEXANE N-PENTADECYLCYCLOHEXANE 6006-95-7 C21H42
3-phenylazetidine 3-phenylazetidine 4363-13-7 C9H11N
4-BROMO-2,3-DIMETHYL-6-NITROANILINE 4-BROMO-2,3-DIMETHYL-6-NITROANILINE 108485-13-8 C8H9BrN2O2
Triphenylmethyl bromide Triphenylmethyl bromide 596-43-0 C19H15Br
1,8-Dichlorooctane 1,8-Dichlorooctane 2162-99-4 C8H16Cl2
1-Bromotridecane 1-Bromotridecane 765-09-3 C13H27Br
2-FLUOROBENZOTRICHLORIDE 2-FLUOROBENZOTRICHLORIDE 488-98-2 C7H4Cl3F
4-Fluoro-1,1'-biphenyl 4-Fluoro-1,1'-biphenyl 324-74-3 C12H9F
1,3-DIISOPROPYLCYCLOHEXANE 1,3-DIISOPROPYLCYCLOHEXANE 7045-70-7 C12H24
TRANS-2-DECEN-1-OL TRANS-2-DECEN-1-OL 18409-18-2 C10H20O
3-HEPTEN-1-OL 3-HEPTEN-1-OL 1708-81-2 C7H14O
1,2,4,5-TETRABROMOBENZENE 1,2,4,5-TETRABROMOBENZENE 636-28-2 C6H2Br4
2-METHYL-1-UNDECENE 2-METHYL-1-UNDECENE 18516-37-5 C12H24
Perfluorodecalin Perfluorodecalin 306-94-5 C10F18
1-BroMoheptadecafluorooctane 1-BroMoheptadecafluorooctane 423-55-2 C8BrF17
2,6-DIMETHYLNAPHTHALENE 2,6-DIMETHYLNAPHTHALENE 28804-88-8 C12H12
Chloroform Chloroform 67-66-3 CHCl3
N-OCTADECYLCYCLOHEXANE N-OCTADECYLCYCLOHEXANE 4445-06-1 C24H48
TRANS-2,3-EPOXYBUTANE TRANS-2,3-EPOXYBUTANE 21490-63-1 C4H8O
1-ETHYNYL-3 5-DIFLUOROBENZENE  97 1-ETHYNYL-3 5-DIFLUOROBENZENE 97 151361-87-4 C8H4F2
FLUOROCYCLOPENTANE FLUOROCYCLOPENTANE 1481-36-3 C5H9F
1-BROMO-3,7-DIMETHYLOCTANE 1-BROMO-3,7-DIMETHYLOCTANE 3383-83-3 C10H21Br
HEXABROMOBENZENE HEXABROMOBENZENE 87-82-1 C6Br6
3-Ethoxyacryloyl chloride 3-Ethoxyacryloyl chloride 6191-99-7 C5H7ClO2
(2-Methyl-5-nitrophenyl)guanidine nitrate (2-Methyl-5-nitrophenyl)guanidine nitrate 152460-08-7 C8H11N5O5
5-METHYL-2-NITROBENZONITRILE 5-METHYL-2-NITROBENZONITRILE 64113-86-6 C8H6N2O2
TRANS-1,2-DICHLOROCYCLOPENTANE TRANS-1,2-DICHLOROCYCLOPENTANE 14376-81-9 C5H8Cl2
4-BROMOHEPTANE 4-BROMOHEPTANE 998-93-6 C7H15Br
1-BROMO-4-TRIMETHYLSILYLBENZENE 1-BROMO-4-TRIMETHYLSILYLBENZENE 6999-03-7 C9H13BrSi
ALPHA,ALPHA,ALPHA',ALPHA'-TETRABROMO-O-XYLENE ALPHA,ALPHA,ALPHA',ALPHA'-TETRABROMO-O-XYLENE 13209-15-9 C8H6Br4
TRANS-4-BROMO-BETA-NITROSTYRENE TRANS-4-BROMO-BETA-NITROSTYRENE 5153-71-9 C8H6BrNO2
1-Chloro-2,5-difluorobenzene 1-Chloro-2,5-difluorobenzene 2367-91-1 C6H3ClF2
SPIROBICROMANE SPIROBICROMANE 3127-14-8 C21H24O4
1-Chlorocyclohexene 1-Chlorocyclohexene 930-66-5 C6H9Cl
4-Nitro-1,3-phenylenediamine sulfate 4-Nitro-1,3-phenylenediamine sulfate 200295-57-4 C6H9N3O6S
5-BROMO-2-METHYL-2-PENTENE 5-BROMO-2-METHYL-2-PENTENE 2270-59-9 C6H11Br
1,1-DICHLOROSILACYCLOBUTANE 1,1-DICHLOROSILACYCLOBUTANE 2351-33-9 C3H6Cl2Si
TRANS-1,4-DICHLOROCYCLOHEXANE TRANS-1,4-DICHLOROCYCLOHEXANE 16890-91-8 C6H10Cl2
CROTYL BROMIDE  TECH.  85 CROTYL BROMIDE TECH. 85 29576-14-5 C4H7Br
3-Chloro-1-butene 3-Chloro-1-butene 563-52-0 C4H7Cl
2,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl bromide 2,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl bromide 140690-56-8 C9H5BrF6
4-ISOPROPYLBENZYL CHLORIDE 4-ISOPROPYLBENZYL CHLORIDE 2051-18-5 C10H13Cl
1,14-DIBROMOTETRADECANE 1,14-DIBROMOTETRADECANE 37688-96-3 C14H28Br2
3-iodooxetane 3-iodooxetane 26272-85-5 C3H5IO
3-BROMO-OXETANE 3-BROMO-OXETANE 39267-79-3 C3H5BrO
ALLYLPENTAFLUOROBENZENE ALLYLPENTAFLUOROBENZENE 1736-60-3 C9H5F5
N-NONYLCYCLOHEXANE N-NONYLCYCLOHEXANE 2883-02-5 C15H30
7-CHLORO-1-HEPTENE 7-CHLORO-1-HEPTENE 929-21-5 C7H13Cl
1-BROMO-3-(BROMOMETHYL)ADAMANTANE 1-BROMO-3-(BROMOMETHYL)ADAMANTANE 1822-25-9 C11H16Br2
3-methoxy-4-nitrophenol 3-methoxy-4-nitrophenol 16292-95-8 C7H7NO4
Alismoxide Alismoxide 87701-68-6 C15H26O2
1,10-DIIODODECANE 1,10-DIIODODECANE 16355-92-3 C10H20I2
(DICHLOROIODO)-BENZENE (DICHLOROIODO)-BENZENE 932-72-9 C6H5Cl2I
1-Chloroadamantane 1-Chloroadamantane 935-56-8 C10H15Cl
1-Bromoundecane 1-Bromoundecane 693-67-4 C11H23Br
1,1,1,2,2-PENTAFLUORO-4-IODOBUTANE 1,1,1,2,2-PENTAFLUORO-4-IODOBUTANE 40723-80-6 C4H4F5I
1-BROMO-2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE 1-BROMO-2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE 2586-62-1 C11H9Br
1-METHYLDICYCLOPENTADIENE 1-METHYLDICYCLOPENTADIENE 16327-42-7 C11H14
BUTADIENE MONOXIDE BUTADIENE MONOXIDE 930-22-3 C4H6O
2-METHOXYSTYRENE 2-METHOXYSTYRENE 612-15-7 C9H10O
1-BROMO-2-ETHYNYLBENZENE 1-BROMO-2-ETHYNYLBENZENE 766-46-1 C8H5Br
1,4-DIBROMOTETRAFLUOROBENZENE 1,4-DIBROMOTETRAFLUOROBENZENE 344-03-6 C6Br2F4
ISOPROPYLCYCLOPENTANE ISOPROPYLCYCLOPENTANE 3875-51-2 C8H16
1-Bromo-4-methylpentane 1-Bromo-4-methylpentane 626-88-0 C6H13Br
1,4,7-TRITHIACYCLONONANE 1,4,7-TRITHIACYCLONONANE 6573-11-1 C6H12S3
IODOMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE IODOMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE 27935-87-1 C6H11I
1-HYDROXYDICYCLOPENTADIENE 1-HYDROXYDICYCLOPENTADIENE 6814-80-8 C10H12O
2-BROMO-3-CHLORO-1-PROPENE 2-BROMO-3-CHLORO-1-PROPENE 16400-63-8 C3H4BrCl
4-METHYL-2,3,5,6-TETRAFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE 4-METHYL-2,3,5,6-TETRAFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE 92814-00-1 C8H5BrF4
Dimethoxydicyclopentylsilane Dimethoxydicyclopentylsilane 126990-35-0 C12H24O2Si
1-BROMO-3-CHLORO-5-IODOBENZENE 1-BROMO-3-CHLORO-5-IODOBENZENE 13101-40-1 C6H3BrClI
1-BROMO-4-METHYLCYCLOHEXANE 1-BROMO-4-METHYLCYCLOHEXANE 6294-40-2 C7H13Br
1-(2-BROMO-ETHYL)-2-METHYL-BENZENE 1-(2-BROMO-ETHYL)-2-METHYL-BENZENE 16793-90-1 C9H11Br
4-METHYL-3-NITROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE 4-METHYL-3-NITROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE 65754-26-9 C8H6F3NO2
VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE 75-35-4 C2H2Cl2
Cyclobutyl chloride Cyclobutyl chloride 1120-57-6 C4H7Cl
N-PENTYLCYCLOPENTANE N-PENTYLCYCLOPENTANE 3741-00-2 C10H20
2-Chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzene 2-Chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzene 95-72-7 C8H9Cl
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