酢酸 化學特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
無色澄明の液體
定義
本品は、発酵によって得られた酢酸(*)を含む液である。參照表示名稱：酢酸
溶解性
水及びエタノールに極めて溶けやすい。
解説
系統(tǒng)名でエタンの一方のメチル基をカルボキシ基（カルボキシル基）にかえた構(gòu)造を表す名稱。［編集部］[參照項目] | 酢酸
小學館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) ）
用途
アミノ酸配列分析における誘導體転換試薬。
用途
試液調(diào)製原料、有機合成原料、酢酸塩の製造原料。
用途
非水溶媒滴定における溶媒。
用途
汎用試薬、試液調(diào)製原料。
用途
測定大気の吸収液調(diào)製用。
用途
金屬等の比色及び原子吸光分析、紫外吸光分析等の前処理及び溶媒、アミノ酸分析及び臨床診斷用試液の調(diào)製原料。
用途
容量分析用標準液、試液調(diào)製原料。
用途
HPLC用溶離液の調(diào)製、pH調(diào)整用。
用途
各種製造用原料(酢酸ビニル、酢酸エステル、無水酢酸、アセトン、食品調(diào)味料、醫(yī)薬品等)、染色酸、食用、溶媒に用いられる。エステルとして各種溶剤、香料に用いられ、酢酸ビニルモノマー、モノクロロ酢酸、無水酢酸、セルロースアセタート、テレフタル酸などの原料として重要な工業(yè)薬品である。
化粧品の成分用途
pH調(diào)整剤、香料
効能
皮膚軟化薬, 酸性化剤, 矯味剤, 洗浄剤
主な用途／役割
- 酢酸（工業(yè)用）は、各種合成原料（例：酢酸ビニルモノマー）、醫(yī)薬品原料、食品添加物などに國內(nèi)外で大量に使用されています。
- ユリア樹脂系接著剤、メラミン樹脂系接著剤、フェノール樹脂系接著剤の觸媒として使用される。
商品名
氷酢酸 (健栄製薬); 氷酢酸 (司生堂製薬); 氷酢酸 (大成薬品工業(yè)); 氷酢酸 (小堺製薬); 氷酢酸 (山善製薬); 氷酢酸 (恵美須薬品化工); 氷酢酸 (日醫(yī)工); 氷酢酸 (日興製薬); 氷酢酸 (日興製薬); 氷酢酸 (日興製薬); 氷酢酸 (東海製薬); 氷酢酸 (東豊薬品); 氷酢酸 (東豊薬品); 氷酢酸 (東豊薬品); 酢酸 (健栄製薬); 酢酸 (司生堂製薬); 酢酸 (吉田製薬); 酢酸 (吉田製薬); 酢酸 (大成薬品工業(yè)); 酢酸 (小堺製薬); 酢酸 (山善製薬); 酢酸 (日醫(yī)工); 酢酸 (日興製薬); 酢酸 (日興製薬); 酢酸 (日興製薬); 酢酸 (昭和製薬); 酢酸 (東海製薬)
使用上の注意
寒冷時には凝固することがある。
説明
Acetic acid is a colourless liquid or crystal with a sour, vinegar-like odour and is one of the
simplest carboxylic acids and is an extensively used chemical reagent. Acetic acid has wide
application as a laboratory reagent, in the production of cellulose acetate mainly for photographic
film and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, synthetic fibres, and fabric materials. Acetic
acid has also been of large use as a descaling agent and acidity regulator in food industries.
物理的性質(zhì)
Acetic acid is a weak carboxylic acid with a pungent odor that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It was probably the first acid to be produced in large quantities. The name acetic comes from acetum, which is the Latin word for “sour” and relates to the fact that acetic acid is responsible for the bitter taste of fermented juices.
天然物の起源
Reported found in vinegar, bergamot, cornmint oil, bitter orange oil, lemon petitgrain, various dairy products
來歴
Vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of acetic acid. The use of vinegar is well documented in ancient history, dating back at least 10,000 years. Egyptians used vinegar as an antibiotic and made apple vinegar. Babylonians produced vinegar from wine for use in medicines and as a preservative as early as 5000 b.c.e. Hippocrates (ca. 460–377 b.c.e.), known as the “father of medicine,” used vinegar as an antiseptic and in remedies for numerous conditions including fever, constipation, ulcers, and pleurisy. Oxymel, which was an ancient remedy for coughs, was made by mixing honey and vinegar. A story recorded by the Roman writer Pliny the Elder (ca. 23–79 c.e.) describes how Cleopatra, in an attempt to stage the most expensive meal ever, dissolved pearls from an earring in vinegar wine and drank the solution to win a wager.
使用
Acetic acid is used as table vinegar, as preservative and as an intermediate in the chemical industry, e.g. acetate fibers, acetates, acetonitrile, pharmaceuticals, fragrances, softening agents, dyes (indigo) etc. Product Data Sheet
定義
ChEBI: Acetic acid is a simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. It has a role as a protic solvent, a food acidity regulator, an antimicrobial food preservative and a Daphnia magna metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of an acetate.
一般的な説明
A colorless aqueous solution. Smells like vinegar. Density 8.8 lb / gal. Corrosive to metals and tissue.
空気と水の反応
Dilution with water releases some heat.
反応プロフィール
ACETIC ACID, [AQUEOUS SOLUTION] reacts exothermically with chemical bases. Subject to oxidation (with heating) by strong oxidizing agents. Dissolution in water moderates the chemical reactivity of acetic acid, A 5% solution of acetic acid is ordinary vinegar. Acetic acid forms explosive mixtures with p-xylene and air (Shraer, B.I. 1970. Khim. Prom. 46(10):747-750.).
危険性
Corrosive; exposure of small amounts can
severely erode the lining of the gastrointestinal
tract; may cause vomiting, diarrhea, bloody feces
and urine; cardiovascular failure and death.
健康ハザード
Glacial acetic acid is a highly corrosive liquid. Contact with the eyes can produce mild to moderate irritation in humans. Contact with the skin may produce burns. Ingestion of this acid may cause corrosion of the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. The acute toxic effects are vomiting, diarrhea, ulceration, or bleeding from intestines and circulatory collapse. Death may occur from a high dose (20–30 mL), and toxic effects in humans may be felt from ingestion of 0.1–0.2 mL. An oral LD50 value in rats is 3530 mg/kg (Smyth 1956).
Glacial acetic acid is toxic to humans andanimals by inhalation and skin contact. Inhumans, exposure to 1000 ppm for a fewminutes may cause eye and respiratory tractirritation. Rabbits died from 4-hour exposureto a concentration of 16,000 ppm in air.
燃焼性と爆発性
Acetic acid is a combustible substance (NFPA rating = 2). Heating can release
vapors that can be ignited. Vapors or gases may travel considerable distances to
ignition source and "flash back." Acetic acid vapor forms explosive mixtures with
air at concentrations of 4 to 16% (by volume). Carbon dioxide or dry chemical
extinguishers should be used for acetic acid fires.
化學性質(zhì)
合成樹脂原料，溶剤，反応溶媒
応用例（製薬）
Glacial and diluted acetic acid solutions are widely used as
acidifying agents in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations and
food preparations. Acetic acid is used in pharmaceutical products as
a buffer system when combined with an acetate salt such as sodium
acetate. Acetic acid is also claimed to have some antibacterial and
antifungal properties.
農(nóng)業(yè)用途
Herbicide, Fungicide, Microbiocide; Metabolite,
Veterinary Medicine: A herbicide used to control grasses, woody plants
and broad-leaf weeds on hard surface and in areas where
crops are not normally grown; as a veterinary medicine.
製品名
ACETUM®; ACI-JEL®; ECOCLEAR®;
NATURAL WEED SPRAY® No. One; VOSOL®
安全性プロファイル
A human poison by an unspecified route. Moderately toxic by various routes. A severe eye and skin irritant. Can cause burns, lachrymation, and conjunctivitis. Human systemic effects by ingestion: changes in the esophagus, ulceration, or bleeding from the small and large intestines. Human systemic irritant effects and mucous membrane irritant. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. A common air contaminant. A flammable liquid. A fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. To fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical, alcohol foam, foam and mist. When heated to decomposition it emits irritating fumes. Potentially explosive reaction with 5azidotetrazole, bromine pentafluoride, chromium trioxide, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, sodium peroxide, and phosphorus trichloride. Potentially violent reactions with acetaldehyde and acetic anhydride. Ignites on contact with potassium tert-butoxide. Incompatible with chromic acid, nitric acid, 2-amino-ethanol, NH4NO3, ClF3, chlorosulfonic acid, (O3 + diallyl methyl carbinol), ethplenediamine, ethylene imine, (HNO3 + acetone), oleum, HClO4, permanganates, P(OCN)3, KOH, NaOH, xylene
安全性
Acetic acid is widely used in pharmaceutical applications primarily
to adjust the pH of formulations and is thus generally regarded as
relatively nontoxic and nonirritant. However, glacial acetic acid or
solutions containing over 50% w/w acetic acid in water or organic
solvents are considered corrosive and can cause damage to skin,
eyes, nose, and mouth. If swallowed glacial acetic acid causes severe
gastric irritation similar to that caused by hydrochloric acid.
Dilute acetic acid solutions containing up to 10% w/w of acetic
acid have been used topically following jellyfish stings.Dilute
acetic acid solutions containing up to 5% w/w of acetic acid have
also been applied topically to treat wounds and burns infected with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The lowest lethal oral dose of glacial acetic acid in humans is
reported to be 1470 mg/kg.The lowest lethal concentration on
inhalation in humans is reported to be 816 ppm.Humans, are,
however, estimated to consume approximately 1 g/day of acetic acid
from the diet.
LD
50 (mouse, IV): 0.525 g/kg
LD
50 (rabbit, skin): 1.06 g/kg
LD
50 (rat, oral): 3.31 g/kg
職業(yè)ばく露
Acetic acid is widely used as a chemical feedstock for the production of vinyl plastics, acetic anhydride, acetone, acetanilide, acetyl chloride, ethyl alcohol, ketene, methyl ethyl ketone, acetate esters, and cellulose acetates. It is also used alone in the dye, rubber, pharmaceutical, food preserving, textile, and laundry industries. It is utilized, too; in the manufacture of Paris green, white lead, tint rinse, photographic chemicals, stain removers, insecticides, and plastics.
発がん性
Acetic acid is a very weak tumor
promoter in a multistage mouse skin model for chemical
carcinogenesis, but was very effective in enhancing cancer
development when applied during the progression phase of
the model. Female SENCAR mice were initiated with
a topical application of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene and
2 weeks later were promoted with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-
13-acetate, twice weekly for 16 weeks. Topical treatment
with acetic acid started 4 weeks later (40 mg glacial acetic
acid in 200mL acetone, twice weekly) and continued for
30 weeks. Before treatment with acetic acid, each group of
mice had approximately the same number of papillomas at
the exposure site. After 30 weeks of treatment, mice treated
with acetic acid had a 55% greater conversion of skin
papillomas to carcinomas than vehicle-treated mice. Selective
cytotoxicity to certain cells within the papilloma and a
compensatory increase in cell proliferation were considered
the most probable mechanism.
環(huán)境運命予測
Biological. Near Wilmington, NC, organic wastes containing acetic acid (representing 52.6% of
total dissolved organic carbon) were injected into an aquifer containing saline water to a depth of
approximately 1,000 feet below ground surface. The generation of gaseous components
(hydrogen, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and methane) suggests acetic acid and
possibly other waste constituents, were anaerobically degraded by microorganisms (Leenheer et
al., 1976).
Plant. Based on data collected during a 2-h fumigation period, EC50 values for alfalfa, soybean,
wheat, tobacco, and corn were 7.8, 20.1, 23.3, 41.2, and 50.1 mg/m
3, respectively (Thompson et
al., 1979).
Photolytic. A photooxidation half-life of 26.7 d was based on an experimentally determined rate
constant of 6 x 10
-13 cm
3/molecule?sec at 25 °C for the vapor-phase reaction of acetic acid with
OH radicals in air (Atkinson, 1985). In an aqueous solution, the rate constant for the reaction of
acetic acid with OH radicals was determined to be 2.70 x 10
-17 cm
3/molecule?sec (Dagaut et al.,
1988).
Chemical/Physical. Ozonolysis of acetic acid in distilled water at 25 °C yielded glyoxylic acid
which oxidized readily to oxalic acid before undergoing additional oxidation producing carbon
dioxide. Ozonolysis accompanied by UV irradiation enhanced the removal of acetic acid (Kuo et
al., 1977).
貯蔵
Acetic acid should be used only in areas free
of ignition sources, and quantities greater than 1 liter should be stored in tightly
sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers.
輸送方法
UN2789 Acetic acid, glacial or Acetic acid solution, with .80 % acid, by mass, hazard class: 8; labels: 8-Corrosive material, 3-flammable liquid. UN2790 acetic acid solution, not ,50% but not .80% acid, by mass, hazard class: 8; labels: 8-Corrosive material; acetic acid solution, with .10% and ,50%, by mass, hazard class: 8; labels: 8-Corrosive material
合成方法
アセトアルデヒド酸化法，メタノールのカルボニル化法，エチレンの直接酸化法，炭化水素酸化法
純化方法
Usual impurities are traces of acetaldehyde and other oxidisable substances and water. (Glacial acetic acid is very hygroscopic. The presence of 0.1% water lowers its m by 0.2o.) Purify it by adding some acetic anhydride to react with water present, heat it for 1hour to just below boiling in the presence of 2g CrO3 per 100mL and then fractionally distil it [Orton & Bradfield J Chem Soc 960 1924, Orton & Bradfield J Chem Soc 983 1927]. Instead of CrO3, use 2-5% (w/w) of KMnO4, and boil under reflux for 2-6hours. Traces of water have been removed by refluxing with tetraacetyl diborate (prepared by warming 1 part of boric acid with 5 parts (w/w) of acetic anhydride at 60o, cooling, and filtering off, followed by distillation [Eichelberger & La Mer J Am Chem Soc 55 3633 1933]. Refluxing with acetic anhydride in the presence of 0.2g % of 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid as catalyst has also been used [Orton & Bradfield J Chem Soc 983 1927]. Other suitable drying agents include anhydrous CuSO4 and chromium triacetate: P2O5 converts some acetic acid to the anhydride. Azeotropic removal of water by distillation with thiophene-free *benzene or with butyl acetate has been used [Birdwhistell & Griswold J Am Chem Soc 77 873 1955]. An alternative purification uses fractional freezing. [Beilstein 2 H 96, 2 IV 94.] Rapid procedure: Add 5% acetic anhydride, and 2% of CrO3. Reflux and fractionally distil.
不和合性
Acetic acid reacts with alkaline substances.
廃棄物の処理
Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed
規(guī)制狀況(Regulatory Status)
GRAS listed. Accepted as a food additive in Europe. Included in the
FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (injections, nasal, ophthalmic,
and oral preparations). Included in parenteral and nonparenteral
preparations licensed in the UK.
酢酸 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品
2-アミノ-5-ブロモ-4-メチルピリジン
イソキノリンN-オキシド
2-ACETYLAMINO-5-BROMO-6-METHYLPYRIDINE
トリ酢酸クロム(III)
Hydroxy silicone oil emulsion
5-ニトロチオフェン-2-カルボン酸
4-(1H-ピロール-1-イル)安息香酸
[4-(ジメチルアミノ)フェニル]チオシアナート
Dye-fixing agent G
Cellulose diacetate plastifier
4-ブロモカテコール
6-ニトロピペロナール
酢酸/ジルコニウム
ベンゾピナコール
10-ニトロアントラセン-9(10H)-オン
L-チロキシン ナトリウム
γ-L-glutamyl-1-naphthylamide
(4-ブロモフェニル)尿素
2-ヒドロキシ-3-メトキシ-5-ブロモベンズアルデヒド
3,5-ジブロモサリチル酸
トリクロロ酢酸エチル
1,3-ジチアン
エチレンジアミン 二酢酸塩
7-ニトロインダゾール
1H-インダゾール-7-アミン
2-ブロモ-2'-ヒドロキシアセトフェノン 臭化物
アロキサン一水和物
4-CHLORO-3-METHYL-1H-PYRAZOLE
4,5-ジクロロ-1,8-ナフタレンジカルボン酸無水物
(3-フェニルプロピル)メチルアミン
6-ニトロインダゾール
3,3-ビス(4-ヒドロキシ-3-メチルフェニル)-1H-インドール-2(3H)-オン
rac-(R*)-2,3-ジヒドロキシプロパナール
2,4,6-トリブロモ-3-ヒドロキシ安息香酸
(1R,2R)-(+)-1,2-シクロヘキサンジアミンL-酒石酸
α-ブロモけい皮アルデヒド
2,3-ジメチルピリジン1-オキシド
エチルトリフェニルホスホニウム＝アセタート
N-(6-CHLORO-3-NITROPYRIDIN-2-YL)ACETAMIDE
3-アミノ-4-ブロモピラゾール