Kaliumnitrat Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSES BIS WEISSES KRISTALLINES PULVER.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Zersetzung beim Erhitzen unter Bildung von Stickstoffoxiden und Sauerstoff. Erh?hte Feuergefahr. Starkes Oxidationsmittel. Reagiert mit brennbaren und reduzierenden Stoffen.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV nicht festgelegt (ACGIH 2005).
MAK nicht festgelegt (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den K?rper durch Inhalation des Aerosols und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Verdampfung bei 20°C vernachl?ssigbar; eine gesundheitssch?dliche Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch beim Dispergieren schnell erreicht werden.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz reizt die Augen, die Haut und die Atemwege. M?glich sind Auswirkungen auf das Blut mit nachfolgender Meth?moglobinbildung. Die Auswirkungen treten u.U. verz?gert ein. ?rztliche Beobachtung notwendig.
LECKAGE
Verschüttetes Material in Kunststoff- oder Glasbeh?ltern sammeln. Reste mit viel Wasser wegspülen.
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R8:Feuergefahr bei Berührung mit brennbaren Stoffen.
R36/38:Reizt die Augen und die Haut.
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
R22:Gesundheitssch?dlich beim Verschlucken.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S17:Von brennbaren Stoffen fernhalten.
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
S7:Beh?lter dicht geschlossen halten.
S24/25:Berührung mit den Augen und der Haut vermeiden.
Aussehen Eigenschaften
KNO3; Kalisalpeter, Salpetersäure-Kaliumsalz. Farbloser Feststoff.
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Reizt die Augen. Aufnahme grösserer Mengen führt zu Blutdruckabfall, Krämpfen und Atemnot. Methämoglobinbildner.
Feuergefahr bei Berührung mit brennbaren Stoffen.
Nicht mit Metallen in Pulverform, brennbaren Stoffen, organischen Stoffen, Bor, Sulfiden, Kohlenstoff, Schwefel/Kohlenstoff, Phosphiden,Phosphor, Schwefel oder Magnesium in Berührung bringen.
LD
50 (oal, Ratte): 2000 mg/kg.
Schutzma?nahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Schutzhandschuhe als kurzzeitiger Staubschutz.
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Trocken aufnehmen. Der Entsorgung zuführen. Nachreinigen mit Wasser.
Wasser.
Brandfördernd. Nicht mit brennbaren Stoffen in Berührung bringen. Im Brandfall können nitrose Gase freigesetzt werden.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Mit reichlich Wasser abwaschen.
Nach Augenkontakt: Mit reichlich Wasser bei geöffnetem Lidspalt mindestens 15 Minuten ausspülen. Sofort Augenarzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft.
Nach Verschlucken: Reichlich Wasser trinken. Erbrechen auslösen. Sofort Arzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Kontaminierte Kleidung sofort entfernen.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
In Wasser gelöst zu den neutralen, wässrigen Lösemittelabfällen.
Beschreibung
Potassium nitrate is a solid, colorless, crystalline ionic compound that exists as the mineral
niter.Potassium nitrate is also known as saltpeter. The name saltpeter comes from the Latin
sal petrae, meaning salt of stone or salt of Petra. he term saltpeter or Chilean
saltpeter is also used for sodium nitrate, NaNO3.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Potassium nitrate is an odorless, flammable, water-soluble, white or colorless crystals with saline taste that melt at 337°C. Used in pyrotechnics, explosives, and matches, as a fertilizer, and as an analytical reagent.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Colorless transparent crystals or white granular or crystalline powder;rhombohedral structure; density 2.11 g/cm
3at 20°C; melts at 334°C; decomposes at 400°C evolving oxygen; soluble in cold water, 13.3 g/100mL at 0°C;highly soluble in boiling water, 247 g/100mL at 100°C; lowers the temperature of water on dissolution; very slightly soluble in ethanol; soluble in glycerol and liquid ammonia.
History
Saltpeter’s most prominent use in human history is
as the principal ingredient in gunpowder.The potassium nitrate used in gunpowder was originally obtained from natural mineral
deposits of niter. Small quantities formed as efflorescence deposits on damp stone walls were identified as early as 2000 b.c.e. in Sumerian writings. As the use of black powder expanded
with the development of weapons, the demand for saltpeter exceeded supply. This was exacerbated
during times of war. To meet the demand for saltpeter to produce black powder, a saltpeter
industry developed that followed prescribed methods to produce large quantities of saltpeter.
The method depended on processing dirt obtained from areas where nitrates would naturally
form. These were areas in which animal waste had accumulated such as the dirt
floors of barns, stables, herding pens, caves, or cellars. The ammonia compounds in the urine
and fecal wastes in these areas underwent nitrifi cation to produce nitrates, which combined
with potassium in the soil to form saltpeter.
Verwenden
Potassium Nitrate is a preservative and color fixative in meats
which exists as colorless prisms or white granules or powder. it has
a solubility of 1 g in 3 ml of water at 25°c. see nitrate.
Definition
ChEBI: The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.
Vorbereitung Methode
Potassium nitrate may be produced by several methods. It is made commercially by reacting potassium chloride with nitric acid at high temperature.Nitrosyl chloride, a product obtained in the reaction, is converted into chlorine in this manufacturing process. Also, nitric acid is partly recycled in the process. The reactions are (Dancy, W.B. 1981. Potassium Compounds. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3
rd. ed. Pp. 939-42. New York: Wiley Interscience):
3KCl + 4HNO
3 →3KNO
3+ Cl
2+ NOCl + 2H
2O
2NOCl + 4HNO
3→6NO
2+ Cl
2+ 2H
2O
4NO
2+ O
2+ 2H
2O →4HNO
3Potassium nitrate also can be prepared by mixing a hot saturated solution of potassium chloride and sodium nitrate. The reaction is:
K++ Clˉ+ Na++ NO
3ˉ→NaCl↓+ K++ NO
3ˉ
Sodium chloride is less soluble than KCl, NaNo
3and KNo
3. It separates out by crystallization. The remaining solution is cooled to ambient tempera-ture. Potassium nitrate crystallizes out.
Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO)
Potassium nitrate was formerly used as a diuretic. Its use for this
purpose is now considered obsolete but it is still available in at least one country
for the correction of potassium deficiency. It is aslo widely permitted at
concentrations of the order of 5% in proprietary toothpastes. In some countries the
drug has been banned due to a potential carcinogenic risk arising from the
excessive use of nitrates and their transformation to nitrosamines.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
A white to dirty gray crystalline solid. Water soluble. Noncombustible, but accelerates the burning of combustible materials. If large quantities are involved in fire or the combustible material is finely divided an explosion may result. May explode under prolonged exposure to heat or fire. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced in fires. Used in solid propellants, explosives, fertilizers.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Soluble in water.
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
Potassium nitrate mixed with alkyl esters may explode, owing to the formation of alkyl nitrates; mixtures with phosphorus, tin (II) chloride, or other reducing agents may react explosively [Bretherick 1979. p. 108-109]. Powdered antimony mixed with Potassium nitrate explodes when heated [Mellor 9:282 1946-47]. A mixture of antimony trisulfide and Potassium nitrate explodes at a red heat [Mellor 9:524. 1946-47]. Arsenic disulfide forms explosive mixtures when mixed with Potassium nitrate, [Mellor 9:270.1946-47]. A mixture of sodium acetate and Potassium nitrate may cause an explosion [Pieters 1957. p. 30]. A mixture of Potassium nitrate and sodium hypophosphite constitutes a powerful explosive [Mellor 8:881. 1946-47]. A mixture of powdered zirconium and Potassium nitrate explodes when heated above the melting point [Mellor 7:116. 1946-47].
Hazard
Dangerous fire and explosion risk when
shocked or heated, or in contact with organic mate-
rials, strong oxidizing agent.
Health Hazard
Exposure can cause mild irritation of eyes, nose and throat.
Landwirtschaftliche Anwendung
Potassium nitrate (KNO3) is a potassium salt of nitric acid, also known as saltpeter or nitrate of potash. It is a white crystalline salt which occurs naturally in nitre or saltpeter. It can be used as fertilizer for normal application and fertigation. Potassium (44% K2O) and nitrogen (13 %) are the constituents of NK fertilizers, which serve as a source of potassium, where extra chloride is not desired.
The agricultural grade of potassium nitrate is freeflowing and non-caking, with a particle size in the range of 1500 to 400 microns.
Potassium nitrate, which is slightly hygroscopic and granulated, can be spread on soil by trucks, fertilizer distributors or by aerial spraying. In a mixed fertilizer, a powdered grade of nitrate of potash does not cake. Potassium nitrate is made by the reaction of potassium chloride with nitric acid as: The nitrate of potash forms an easily breakable crust on top. It is chemically neutral and its nitrogen and potassium oxide ratio is roughly 1:3. It has been used successfully as a source of nitrogen and potassium for tobacco, tomato, potato, corn, citrus and carnations.
Industrielle Verwendung
Potassium nitrate is also called niter and saltpeter,although these usually refer to the nativemineral. A substance of the composition KNO3,it is used in explosives, for bluing steel, and infertilizers. A mixture of potassium nitrate andsodium nitrate is used for steel-tempering baths.The mixture melts at 250°C. Potassium nitrateis made by the action of potassium chloride onsodium nitrate. It occurs in colorless prismaticcrystals, or as a crystalline white powder. It hasa sharp saline taste and is soluble in water. Thespecific gravity is 2.1 and the melting point is337°C.
Potassium nitrate contains a large percentageof oxygen, which is readily given up andis well adapted for pyrotechnic compounds. Itgives a beautiful violet flame in burning. It isused in flares and in signal rockets.
Most enamels contain some oxidizing agentin the form of potassium or sodium nitrate.Only a small amount of nitrate is necessary; 2to 4% is sufficient to maintain oxidizing conditionsin most smelting operations.
In glazes it is sometimes used as a flux inplace of potassium oxide, but, owing to its costand solubility, very little of it is contained inglaze. Where conditions prevent the use of sufficientpotash feldspar, potassium oxide is introducedinto the mix, usually in the form of thenitrate in a frit.
Potassium nitrite is a solid of the compositionKNO
2 used as a rust inhibitor, for theregeneration of heat-transfer salts, and for themanufacture of dyes.
Sicherheitsprofil
Poison by intravenous
route. Moderately toxic by ingestion. An
experimental teratogen. Experimental
reproductive effects. Mutation data
reported. Ingestion of large quantities may
cause gastroenteritis. Chronic exposure can
cause anemia, nephritis, and
methemoglobinemia. When heated, reaction
with calcium hydroxide + polychlorinated
phenols forms extremely toxic chlorinated
benzodtoxins.
A powerful oxidizer. Gunpowder is a
mixture of potassium nitrate + sulfur +
charcoal. Explosive reaction with aluminum
+ barium nitrate + potassium perchlorate +
water (in storage), boron + laminac +
trichloroethylene. Forms explosive mixtures
with lactose, powdered metals (e.g.,
titanium, antimony, germanium), metal
sulfides (e.g., antimony trisulfide, barium
sulfide, calcium sulfide, germanium
monosulfide, titanium disulfide, arsenic
disulfide, molybdenum disulfide), nonmetals
(e.g., boron, carbon, white phosphorus,
arsenic), organic materials, phosphides (e.g.,
copper(l1) phosphide, copper
monophosphide), reducing agents (e.g.,
sodium phosphinate, sodium thiosulfate),
sodium acetate. Can react violently under
the appropriate conditions with 1,3-
bis(trichlorometh~d)benzene, boron
phosphde, F2, calcium shcide, charcoal,
chromium nitride, Na hypophosphte,
ma2O2 + dextrose), red phosphorus, (S +
As2S3), thorium dicarbide, trichloroethylene,
zinc, zirconium. When heated to
decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of
NOx and K2O. See also NITRATES.
m?gliche Exposition
Used to make explosives, gunpowder,
fireworks, rocket fuel; matches, fertilizer, fluxes, glass
manufacture; and as a diuretic
Versand/Shipping
UN1486 Potassium nitrate, Hazard Class: 5.1;
Labels: 5.1-Oxidizer.
l?uterung methode
It crystallises from hot H2O (0.5mL/g) on cooling (cf KNO2 below). Dry it for 12hours under vacuum at 70o. The solubility in H2O is 13.3% at 0o, 110% at 60o, and 246% at 100o. After two recrystallisations, technical grade salt had <0.001 ppm of metals. The fused salt is a powerful oxidising agent.
Inkompatibilit?ten
A powerful oxidizer. Dangerously
reactive and friction-and shock-sensitive when mixed with
organic materials and many materials. Violent reactions
with reducing agents; chemically active metals; charcoal,
trichloroethylene.
Kaliumnitrat Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
1-BROMO-4-(METHYLSULPHONYL)-2-NITROBENZENE
Compound fertilizer
2,3,6-Trimethyl-p-benzochinon
7-METHYLADENINE
8-Aminoisoquinoline
4-Nitrochinolin-N-oxid
5-[2-Chlor-4-(trifluormethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoesure
ammonia synthesis Fe catalysts
1-FLUORO-4-(TRIFLUOROMETHYLTHIO)BENZENE
2,6-Dinitroanilin
4-METHYL-5-NITRO-2-PYRIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID
Nitrogen phosphorus potassium mixed fertilizer
Isopropylsulfonylchlorid
5-Nitro-6-methyluracil
Gentamicin, Sulfat (Salz)
7-Aminoisoquinoline
Silberiodid
3-Amino-4,6-dimethylpyridine
ethybenzene dehydrogenation catayst NCY
6-AMINO-2-N-BOC-1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDRO-ISOQUINOLINE
3,8-Diamino-5-methyl-6-phenylphenanthridiniumbromid
Alizarin
1-Methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole-5-carbonitrile
8-Bromoisoquinoline
3-Amino-2-bromo-4,6-dimethylpyridine
AMMONIA SYNTHESIS CATALYST
5-Chlor-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol
3-Amino-4-nitrobenzitrifluoride
6-Nitro-1H-indol
3-Nitrobenzaldehyd
Calciumiodat
4-AMINO-3-FORMYLPYRIDINE
Kaliumperiodat
6-Aminoindole
Sodium tungstate dihydrate
Kaliumnitrit
4-Methyl-3-nitropyridine
4-Vinylpyridin
7-NITRO-3,4-DIHYDROISOQUINOLINE
2,4-DICHLORO-3-METHYL-5-NITROBENZOIC ACID
