Toluol Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSE FLüSSIGKEIT MIT CHARAKTERISTISCHEM GERUCH.
PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN
Die D?mpfe mischen sich leicht mit Luft. Bildung explosionsf?higer Gemische. Flie?en, Schütten o.?. kann zu elektrostatischer Aufladung führen.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Reagiert sehr heftig mit starken Oxidationsmitteln. Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 50 ppm (als TWA); Hautresorption; Krebskategorie A4 (nicht klassifizierbar als krebserzeugend für den Menschen); BEI vorhanden; (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: 50 ppm 190 mg/m? Spitzenbegrenzung: überschreitungsfaktor II(4); Hautresorption; Schwangerschaft: Gruppe C; (DFG 2005).
EG Arbeitsplatz-Richtgrenzwerte: 192 mg/m? 50 ppm (als TWA); 100 ppm (als STEL); Hautresorption; (EG 2006)
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den K?rper durch Inhalation, über die Haut und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Beim Verdampfen bei 20 °C kann schnell eine gesundheitssch?dliche Kontamination der Luft eintreten.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz reizt die Augen und die Atmungsorgane. M?glich sind Auswirkungen auf das Zentralnervensystem. Verschlucken kann zur Aufnahme in der Lunge führen; Gefahr der Aspirationspneumonie. Exposition gegenüber hohen Konzentrationen kann zu Herzrhythmusst?rungen und
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Die Flüssigkeit entfettet die Haut. M?glich sind Auswirkungen auf das Zentralnervensystem. Exposition gegenüber der Substanz kann durch L?rmeinwirkung verursachte H?rsch?den verst?rken. Tierversuche zeigen, dass die Substanz m?glicherweise fruchtbarkeitssch?digend oder entwicklungssch?digend wirken kann.
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
R38:Reizt die Haut.
R48/20:Gesundheitssch?dlich: Gefahr ernster Gesundheitssch?den bei l?ngerer Exposition durch Einatmen.
R63:Kann das Kind im Mutterleib m?glicherweise sch?digen.
R65:Gesundheitssch?dlich: kann beim Verschlucken Lungensch?den verursachen.
R67:D?mpfe k?nnen Schl?frigkeit und Benommenheit verursachen.
R39/23/24/25:Giftig: ernste Gefahr irreversiblen Schadens durch Einatmen, Berührung mit der Haut und durch Verschlucken.
R23/24/25:Giftig beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
S46:Bei Verschlucken sofort ?rztlichen Rat einholen und Verpackung oder Etikett vorzeigen.
S62:Bei Verschlucken kein Erbrechen herbeiführen. Sofort ?rztlichen Rat einholen und Verpackung oder dieses Etikett vorzeigen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn m?glich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
Aussehen Eigenschaften
C7H8; Methylbenzol, Toluen, Benzylwasserstoff. Farblose Flüssigkeit mit charakteristischem Geruch.
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen. Reizt die Augen, Atmungsorgane und die Haut. Wird über die Haut aufgenommen. Aufnahme grösserer Mengen führt zu Rausch, Krämpfen bis zur Bewusstlosigkeit.
Nicht stark erhitzen. Nicht mit Halogen-Halogenverbindungen, Stickstoffoxiden, Salpetersäure, Uranhexafluorid, organischen Nitroverbindungen, Oxidationsmittel und Schwefel in der Hitze in Berührung bringen.
Leichtentzündlich.
LD
50 (oral, Ratte): 5000 mg/kg
Schutzma?nahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Schutzhandschuhe als kurzzeitiger Spritzschutz.
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Persönliche Maßnahmen: Dämpfe nicht einatmen.
Mit flüssigkeitsbindendem Material aufnehmen. Der Entsorgung zuführen. Nachreinigen.
Kohlendioxid, Pulver, Schaum.
Mit Luft Bildung explosionsfähiger Gemische. Dämpfe schwerer als Luft.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Mit reichlich Wasser abwaschen.
Nach Augenkontakt: Mit reichlich Wasser bei geöffnetem Lidspalt mindestens 15 Minuten ausspülen. Sofort Augenarzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft. Arzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Verschlucken: Wasser trinken. Paraffinöl (3 ml/kg) und Natriumsulfat (1 Esslöffel auf 250 ml Wasser) geben. Sofort Arzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Kontaminierte Kleidung sofort entfernen.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Als halogenfreie, organische Lösemittelabfälle.
Beschreibung
Toluene is a clear, colourless liquid with a sweet, benzene-like odour. Toluene occurs naturally
in crude oil and in the toluene tree. It is also produced in the process of making
gasoline and other fuels from crude oil and making coke from coal. Toluene is used in
making paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in
some printing and leather tanning processes. Toluene is also used in the production of
polymers used to make nylon, plastic soda bottles, and polyurethanes and for pharmaceuticals,
dyes, cosmetic nail products, and the synthesis of organic chemicals.
Toluene has been reported as the most commonly abused hydrocarbon solvent, primarily
through ‘glue sniffing’. The common possibilities of exposure to high levels of toluene
include indoor air from the use of household products such as paints, paint thinners, adhesives,
synthetic fragrances, and many other sources.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Toluene is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet/pungent odor. It is extensively used as a solvent in different industries, i.e., rubber chemical manufacturing, drugs and pharmaceuticals, thinner for inks, paints dyes, and perfume manufacturing. It is a natural constituent of crude oil and is produced from petroleum refi ning and coke-oven operations. Toluene occurs naturally as a component of crude oil and occurs in petroleum refi ning and coke oven operations. Occupational workers associated with several kinds of activities, such as manufacturing of dyes, printing inks, painting automobile mechanics, gasoline manufacturers, shippers, and retailers, adhesives and coatings manufacturers and applicators, audio-equipment product workers, chemical industry workers, coke-oven workers, fabric manufacturers (fabric coating), sites of hazardous wastes, linoleum manufacturers, in pharmaceutical manufacturing, printing works, shoe manufacturing industry, become exposed to toluene.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Colorless, clear, flammable liquid with a pleasant, sweet or paint-like odor similar to benzene. At
40 °C, the lowest concentration at which an odor was detected were 960 μg/L. Similarly at 25 °C,
the lowest concentration at which a taste was detected was 960 μg/L (Young et al., 1996).
Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were 600
μg/m
3 (160 ppb
v) and 7.0 mg/m
3 (1.9 ppm
v), respectively (Hellman and Small, 1974). Leonardos
et al. (1969) reported higher odor threshold concentrations for toluene derived from coke (4.68
ppmv) and petroleum (2.14 ppm
v). The average least detectable odor threshold concentrations in
water at 60 °C and in air at 40 °C were 24 and 140 μg/L, respectively (Alexander et al., 1982). An
odor threshold concentration of 330 ppb
v was determined by a triangular odor bag method (Nagata
and Takeuchi, 1990). Cometto-Mu?iz and Cain (1994) reported an average nasal pungency
threshold concentration of 29,574 ppm
v.
History
Toluene is a clear, flammable, aromatic hydrocarbon liquid with a smell similar to benzene.
It is also called methylbenzene, indicating that a methyl group has been added to one of
benzene’s carbon atoms. Toluene was first isolated by Pierre-Joseph Pelletier (1788–1842) and
Philippe Walter (1810–1847) in 1837. The name toluene comes from the South American
tree Toluifera balsamum. Henri-Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville (1818–1881) isolated toluene
from the tree’s gum, Tolu balsam, in 1841.
The main source of toluene is from the catalytic reforming of naphthas during petroleum
processing. During this process cycloalkanes are dehydrated, forming aromatics such as
toluene and xylene along with hydrogen. Toluene can also be obtained from the pyrolysis of
gasoline. It is a by-product when styrene is produced and can also be produced from coal tar,
which was its main source in the first half of the 20th century.
Verwenden
Toluene is derived from coal tar as well aspetroleum. It occurs in gasoline and manypetroleum solvents. Toluene is used to producetrinitrotoluene (TNT), toluene diisocyanate,and benzene; as an ingredient fordyes, drugs, and detergents; and as an industrialsolvent for rubbers, paints, coatings, andoils.
Vorbereitung Methode
Benzene is produced from toluene through a process called hydrodealkylation. In thisprocess, toluene reacts with hydrogen in the presence of a chromium, platinum, or molybdenumcatalysts at temperatures of several hundred degrees Celsius and pressures of about50 atmospheres: C6H5CH3 + H2 → C6H6 + CH4. Toluene can also be used to producephenol, (C6H5OH), benzoic acid (C6H5COOH), and benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO). Nitratedforms of toluene produce explosive compounds; the most common of these is TNT (SeeTrinitrotoluene).
Definition
ChEBI: The simplest member of the class toluenes consisting of a benzene core which bears a single methyl substituent.
synthetische
Toluene is the starting material for the production of tolylene diisocyanate
(TDI)，the process may be varied to give
products of differing isomer contents. The nitration of toluene (with a nitrating mixture containing 20% nitric acid, 60% sulphuric acid and 20%
water at 30-45°C) gives a mixture of 2-nitrotoluene (about 60%) and 4-
nitrotoluene (40%). If this mixture is nitrated further (with a mixture of 35%
nitric acid and 65% sulphuric acid at 65-80°C) without separation, the product is a mixture of2,4-dinitrotoluene (about 80%) and 2,6-dinitrotoluene
(20%). If, on the other hand, the mixed mononitrates are separated (by
distillation), then further nitration of the 2-nitrotoluene yields a mixture of
2,4-dinitrotoluene (about 65%) and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (35%) whilst further
nitration of the 4-nitrotoluene gives only 2,4-dinitrotoluene.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
A clear colorless liquid with a characteristic aromatic odor. Flash point 40°F. Less dense than water (7.2 lb / gal) and insoluble in water. Hence floats on water. Vapors heavier than air. May be toxic by inhalation, ingestion or skin contact. Used in aviation and automotive fuels, as a solvent, and to make other chemicals.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
Toluene reacts vigorously with allyl chloride or other alkyl halides even at minus 70° C in the presence of ethyl aluminum dichloride or ethyl aluminum sesquichloride. Explosions have been reported [NFPA 491M 1991]. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. When added to a tank of sulfur dichloride, the tank over pressurized and ruptured in a reaction thought to be catalyzed by iron or iron(III) chloride [Chem. Eng. News, 1988, 66(32), 2].
Hazard
Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Explosive
limits in air 1.27–7%. Toxic by ingestion,
inhalation, and skin absorption. Visual impairment,
female reproductive effects, and pregnancy loss.
Questionable carcinogen.
Health Hazard
Exposures to toluene cause adverse health effects to animals and humans. The symptoms of toxicity and poisoning include, but are not limited to, mild irritation to the skin, headache, nausea, and effects on the CNS. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of toluene causes disturbances in vision, dizziness, nausea, CNS depression, paresthesia, and sudden collapse. The acute oral LD50 value of toluene in laboratory rats has been reported as 636–7300 mg/kg. Exposure to toluene has been reported to cause rapid and severe corneal damage and conjunctiva infl ammation. The acute dermal LD50 in rabbits was found to be between 1200 and 1400 mg/kg.
Brandgefahr
Toluene is a flammable liquid (NFPA rating = 3), and its vapor can travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and "flash back." Toluene vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 1.4 to 6.7% (by volume). Hazardous gases produced in fire include carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide and dry chemical extinguishers should be used to fight toluene fires.
Flammability and Explosibility
Toluene is a flammable liquid (NFPA rating = 3), and its vapor can travel a
considerable distance to an ignition source and "flash back." Toluene vapor forms
explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 1.4 to 6.7% (by volume). Hazardous
gases produced in fire include carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide
and dry chemical extinguishers should be used to fight toluene fires.
Chemische Reaktivit?t
Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reactions; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.
m?gliche Exposition
Toluene is used as an industrial chemical, chemical intermediate; solvent, and emulsifier; may be encountered in the manufacture of benzene. It is also used as a chemical feed for toluene diisocyanate, phenol, benzyl and benzoyl derivatives; benzoic acid; toluene sulfonates; nitrotoluenes, vinyltoluene, and saccharin; as a solvent for paints and coatings; or as a component of automobile and aviation fuels.
Carcinogenicity
The IARC has determined that there is
evidence for the lack of carcinogenicity of
toluene in experimental animals and that there
is inadequate evidence for carcinogenicity in
humans. Results of in vitro assays generally
indicate that toluene is not genotoxic. Reports
of increased incidences of sister chromatid
exchanges and chromatid breaks in exposed
workers are confounded by concurrent exposure
to other organic chemicals.
Lager
toluene should be
used only in areas free of ignition sources, and quantities greater than 1 liter should
be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers.
Versand/Shipping
UN1294 Toluene, Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid.
Inkompatibilit?ten
Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Violent reaction with mixtures of nitric and sulfuric acid.
Waste disposal
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.
Toluol Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
Chloroprene-phenolic adhesive 801
Hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2(1H)-aminmonohydrochlorid
QUINOLINE-2-CARBONYL CHLORIDE
2-Thienyl isocyanate
3',6'-Dichlorspiro(phthalid-3,9'-xanthen)
(R)-Glycidyl butyrate
1-(2-CHLOROBENZYL)PIPERAZINE
5-BROMOPYRIDINE-2-CARBONYL CHLORIDE
2-(2-Hexyloxyethoxy)ethanol
Asphalt antifouling paint L40-32
Methyltetrahydro-4-oxo-3-thenoat
(Methoxymethyl)triphenylphosphoniumchlorid
2-Methylpropylendiamin
N-(Chlormethyl)phthalimid
TRIS(NONYLPHENYL) PHOSPHITE
Bis(benzonitril)palladiumchlorid
1,3-DIMETHYL-2-(2-FURYL)IMIDAZOLIDINE
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide
Antimontriacetat
1-(3-CHLOROBENZYL)PIPERAZINE
3-Thenoylchlorid
2-AMINO-4-METHOXYPYRIMIDINE
3-Cyanophenyl isocyanate
Dichloro[(1,2,5,6-?)-cycloocta-1,5-dien]palladium
6-FLUORO-4-HYDROXY-2-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)QUINOLINE
4-Amino-6-chlorpyrimidin-5-carbaldehyd
Trimethylamin, N-oxid
(11AR)-(+)-10,11,12,13-TETRAHYDRODIINDENO[7,1-DE:1',7'-FG][1,3,2]DIOXAPHOSPHOCIN-5-DIMETHYLAMINE
3-Hydroxy-alpha-((methylamino)-methyl)benzolethanol-hydro-chlorid, (R)
Trimethylsilyl-N-trimethylsilyl-acetamidat
5-Methoxypyridine-3-boronic acid
2-ISOCYANATO-4,6-DIMETHOXYPYRIMIDINE
Bis(?5-cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-yl)chrom
1-(2,6-Xylyl)piperazin
5-ACETYLAMINO-2-CHLORO-4-PICOLINE
2,4-DI-(TERT-BUTOXY)-5-BROMOPYRIMIDINE
2-ETHOXYPYRIMIDIN-4-YLAMINE
2,2-DIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANONE
3,4-(METHYLENEDIOXY)PHENYL ISOCYANATE
Heptyl-4-hydroxybenzoat
