簡介
2-氯-5-甲基嘧啶的CAS號是22536-61-4,分子式是C5H5ClN2,分子量是128.56,熔點是89-92℃,沸點是239.2±9.0°C(Predicted),密度為1.234±0.06g/cm3(Predicted),以及酸度系數(shù)(pKa)是-1.03±0.22(Predicted)。
圖1 2-氯-5-甲基嘧啶的結(jié)構(gòu)式。
合成
圖2 2-氯-5-甲基嘧啶的合成路線[1-4]。
方法一:將2,4-二氯-5-甲基嘧啶(50.0 g,307 mmol)和新活化(酸洗)的鋅(59.8 g,920 mmol)在水(500 mL)中的懸浮液回流加熱3 h。TLC顯示起始材料的消耗。將反應(yīng)混合物冷卻至室溫,通過Celite墊過濾,并用CH2Cl2(500 mL)沖洗。分離濾液的相,并用鹽水(300 mL)洗滌有機相,在MgSO4上干燥,在真空下仔細過濾和濃縮。2-氯-5-甲基嘧啶。收率:(30.6 g,78%,1H NMR純度95%),米色粉末2-氯-5-甲基嘧啶。1H核磁共振(400 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ8.63(d,J=0.9 Hz,2 H),2.27(t,J=0.8 Hz,3 H)。合成路線如圖2所示。
方法二:在室溫下向2,4-二氯-5-甲基嘧啶(4.00 g,24.5 mmol)在苯(16.0 mL)和H2O(40.0 mL)混合物中的攪拌溶液中添加鋅粉(4.81 g,73.6 mmol)和氨水(8.80 mL,24.5 mm ol)。在回流加熱18小時后,冷卻反應(yīng)混合物并通過Celite墊過濾,用Et2O萃取反應(yīng)混合物,用鹽水洗滌,用無水Na2SO4干燥,過濾并在真空中濃縮。通過SiO2柱層析對殘留物進行純化(己烷:EtOAc=1:1)。(2.44克,77%),得到固體粉末2-氯-5-甲基嘧啶。1H-NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3)8 2.33(3小時),8.47(2小時)。合成路線如圖2所示。
方法三:回流加熱2,4-二氯-5-甲基嘧啶(50 g,0.31 mol)、水(500 mL)和鋅粉(50 g、0.94 mol)的混合物過夜。過濾反應(yīng)混合物,并用二氯甲烷(3 x 500 mL)萃取濾液。用飽和氯化鈉水溶液清洗有機層,經(jīng)硫酸鈉干燥,過濾,并在真空中濃縮。殘留物從石油醚中再結(jié)晶得到固體粉末2-氯-5-甲基嘧啶。收率:27.9 g,0.22 mol,75%。LCMS m/z 129.3(m+1)。1H核磁共振(400 MHz,CDCl3)δ2.25(s,3H),8.40(s,2H)。合成路線如圖2所示。
方法四:將2,4-二氯-5-甲基嘧啶(25.0 g,153 mmol)、THF(125 mL)和鋅粉(30.1 g,460 mmol。將混合物加熱至回流,并在1小時內(nèi)逐滴添加THF(20 mL)中的乙酸(HOAc)(9.21 g,153 mmol)。回流1.5小時后,在10分鐘內(nèi)添加THF(12.5 mL)中的額外HOAc(3.93 g,65.5 mmol),并且將混合物再回流1小時。在硅藻土上過濾混合物,用THF(150 mL)沖洗,并在減壓下濃縮有機層。粗混合物在EtOAc/二氯甲烷/1 N NaOH中分離并過濾。有機層在減壓下濃縮,得到桃色固體。對粗材料進行硅膠層析(己烷中),以提供白色固體形式的標題化合物(13.5 g,69%產(chǎn)率)。得到固體粉末2-氯-5-甲基嘧啶,收率13.5克,69%。合成路線如圖2所示。
應(yīng)用
2-氯-5-甲基嘧啶是臨床廣泛使用的抗代謝、抗腫瘤藥物合成的中間體。人們還對2-氯-5-甲基嘧啶進行了大量的修飾工作,并取得了一定的效果[5-6]。如引入短肽、葡萄糖、氮氧自由基等。鑒于卟啉類化合物具有能選擇性地滯留于癌細胞中并對惡性腫瘤組織有特殊親和性等特點,利用其將2-氯-5-甲基嘧啶類似物運至癌組織,殺傷癌細胞,減少對正常細胞的損傷[7-8]。單取代及雙取代的氯代苯基卟啉-2-氯-5-甲基嘧啶化合物對體外Hela細胞(宮頸癌細胞)有明顯的抑制作用。2-氯-5-甲基嘧啶還可以用做催化劑,但用量不可過多,否則影響產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量[9]。此外,根據(jù)Suzuki芳基偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)的機制,利用2-氯-5-甲基嘧啶可以在溫和的條件下實現(xiàn)吡啶環(huán)與其他芳雜環(huán)的對接[10-11]。因此,2-氯-5-甲基嘧啶類中間體產(chǎn)品的市場需求量極為巨大,市場前景廣闊。
參考文獻
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