Butan Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
GERUCHLOSES, FARBLOSES, KOMPRIMIERTES FLüSSIGGAS.
PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN
Das Gas ist schwerer als Luft und kann sich am Boden ausbreiten. Fernzündung m?glich. Das Gas kann sich in tiefer gelegenen Bereichen sammeln und den Luftsauerstoff verdr?ngen. Flie?en, Schütten o.?. kann zu elektrostatischer Aufladung führen.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV (Aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffgase, Alkane C1- C4): 1000 ppm (als TWA); (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: 1000 ppm, 2400 mg/m? Spitzenbegrenzung: überschreitungsfaktor II(4); Schwangerschaft: Gruppe D; (DFG 2006).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den K?rper durch Inhalation.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Beim Entweichen aus dem Beh?lter verdampft die Flüssigkeit sehr schnell, wobei die Luft verdr?ngt wird. Ernste Erstickungsgefahr in geschlossenen R?umen.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Schnelle Verdampfung kann zu Erfrierungen führen. M?glich sind Auswirkungen auf das Zentralnervensystem.
LECKAGE
Gefahrenbereich verlassen! Fachmann zu Rate ziehen! Zündquellen entfernen. Belüftung. Wasserstrahl NIEMALS auf die Flüssigkeit richten. Pers?nliche Schutzausrüstung: Umgebungsluftunabh?ngiges Atemschutzger?t.
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R12:Hochentzündlich.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S9:Beh?lter an einem gut gelüfteten Ort aufbewahren.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
Beschreibung
Butane is a flammable, colorless gas that follows propane in the alkane series. Butane is also called n-butane, with the “n” designating it as normal butane, the straight chain isomer. Butane’s other isomer is isobutane. The chemical name of isobutane is 2-methylpropane. Isomers are different compounds that have the same molecular formula. Normal butane and isobutane are two different compounds, and the name butane is used collectively to denote both n-butane and isobutane; the names n-butane and isobutane are used to distinguish properties and chemical characteristics unique to each compound.
Butane, along with propane, is a major component of liquefied petroleum gas . It exists as a liquid under moderate pressure or below 0℃ at atmospheric pressure, which makes it ideal for storage and transportation in liquid form.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Colorless, flammable gas with a faint, disagreeable, natural gas or gasoline-like odor. Odor
threshold concentration in air is 1,200 ppm
v (Nagata and Takeuchi, 1990). Detected in water at a
concentration of 6.2 mg/L (Bingham et al., 2001).
History
Butane is extracted from natural gas and is also obtained during petroleum refining. Butane can be obtained from natural gas by compression, adsorption, or absorption. All three processes were used in the early days of the LPG industry, but compression and adsorption were generally phased out during the 20th century. Most butane now is obtained from absorption and separation from oil.
Verwenden
n-Butane can be obtained from natural gas and from refinery hydro cracker streams. Most of the n-butane goes into fuel additive uses. The major chemical use is as a feedstock for ethylene production by cracking . The other important chemical uses for butane are in oxidation to acetic acid and in the production of maleic anhydride. In the past, butane also was the main feedstock for the production of butadiene by dehydrogenation, but it has been replaced by coproduct butadiene obtained from ethylene production.
Ethylene. The largest potential chemical market for n-butane is in steam cracking to ethylene and coproducts. n-Butane is a supplemental feedstock for olefin plants and has accounted for 1-4 percent of total ethylene production for most years since 1970. It can be used at up to 10-15 percent ofthe total feed in ethane/propane crackers with no major modifications . n-Butane can also be used as a supplemental feed at as high as 20-30 percent in heavy naphtha crackers. The consumption of C4S has fluctuated considerably from year to year since 1970, depending on the relative price ofbutane and other feedstocks. The yield of ethylene is only 36-40 percent, with the other products including methane, propylene, ethane, and butadiene, acetylene, and butylenes. About 2-3 billion Ib of butane are consumed annually to produce ethylene.
Definition
A gaseous hydrocarbon,C
4H
10; d. 0.58 g cm
–3; m.p. –138°C;b.p. 0°C. Butane is obtained frompetroleum (from refinery gas orby cracking higher hydrocarbons).The fourth member of the alkaneseries, it has a straight chain ofcarbon atoms and is isomeric with2-methylpropane (CH
3CH(CH
3)CH
3,formerly called isobutane). It can easilybe liquefied under pressure and issupplied in cylinders for use as a fuelgas. It is also a raw material for makingbuta-1,3-diene (for synthetic rubber).
Allgemeine Beschreibung
N-BUTANE is a colorless gas with a faint petroleum-like odor. For transportation N-BUTANE may be stenched. N-BUTANE is shipped as a liquefied gas under its vapor pressure. Contact with the liquid can cause frostbite. N-BUTANE is easily ignited. Its vapors are heavier than air. Any leak can be either liquid or vapor. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. N-BUTANE is used as a fuel, an aerosol propellant, in cigarette lighters, and to make other chemicals.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Highly flammable.
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
N-BUTANE can explode when exposed to flame or when mixed with (nickel carbonyl + oxygen). N-BUTANE can also react with oxidizers. Strong acids and alkalis should be avoided. .
Hazard
Highly flammable, dangerous fire and
explosion risk. Explosive limits in air 1.9–8.5%.
Narcotic in high concentration. Central nervous sys-
tem impairment.
Health Hazard
n-Butane is a nontoxic gas. Exposure toits atmosphere can result in asphyxia. Athigh concentrations it produces narcosis.Exposure to 1% concentration in air for10 minutes may cause drowsiness. Its odoris detectable at a concentration of 5000 ppm.
Brandgefahr
EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.) Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
Sicherheitsprofil
Mildly toxic by
inhalation. Causes drowsiness. An
asphyxlant. Very dangerous fire hazard
when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers.
Highly explosive when exposed to flame, or
when mixed with [Ni(CO)4 + O2]. To fight
fire, stop flow of gas. When heated to
decomposition it emits acrid smoke and
fumes.
l?uterung methode
Dry by passing over anhydrous Mg(ClO4)2 and molecular sieves type 4A. Air is removed by prolonged and frequent degassing at -107o. [Beilstein 1 IV 236.]
Butan Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
