Phenothiazin Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
GELBE KRISTALLE, VERF?RBEN SICH TIEFGRüN BEI KONTAKT MIT LICHT.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Zersetzung beim Erhitzen und bei Kontakt mit S?uren unter Bildung giftiger und reizender Rauche mit Stickstoffoxiden und Schwefeloxiden.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 5 mg/m?(als TWA); Hautresorption; (ACGIH 2005).
MAK nicht festgelegt (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den K?rper durch Inhalation, über die Haut und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Verdampfung bei 20°C vernachl?ssigbar; eine gesundheitssch?dliche Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch beim Dispergieren schnell erreicht werden.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz reizt die Augen, die Hautund die Atemwege.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Wiederholter oder andauernder Hautkontakt kann Dermatitis hervorrufen. Wiederholter oder andauernder Kontakt kann zu Hautsensibilisierung oder Photosensibilisierung führen.
LECKAGE
Verschüttetes Material in Beh?ltern sammeln; falls erforderlich durch Anfeuchten Staubentwicklung verhindern. Reste sorgf?ltig sammeln. An sicheren Ort bringen. Pers?nliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzger?t, P2-Filter für sch?dliche Partikel.
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
R43:Sensibilisierung durch Hautkontakt m?glich.
R51/53:Giftig für Wasserorganismen, kann in Gew?ssern l?ngerfristig sch?dliche Wirkungen haben.
R36/38:Reizt die Augen und die Haut.
R40:Verdacht auf krebserzeugende Wirkung.
R20/21/22:Gesundheitssch?dlich beim Einatmen,Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
S61:Freisetzung in die Umwelt vermeiden. Besondere Anweisungen einholen/Sicherheitsdatenblatt zu Rate ziehen.
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S29:Nicht in die Kanalisation gelangen lassen.
S22:Staub nicht einatmen.
Beschreibung
Phenothiazine was initially synthesized in 1883 by Bernthsen.
It was the basis for the development of other drugs including
the phenothiazine class of antipsychotics or neuroleptics.
Phenothiazines are the largest class of neuroleptics and
include agents such as chlorpromazine, thioridazine, and
prochlorperazine. In 1933, a derivative of phenothiazine,
promethazine, was synthesized. It was found to have much
more significant sedative and antihistaminic effects than
previous derivatives of phenothiazine and it was used to
induce sedation for surgical patients. After promethazine was
developed, a series of agents, including chlorpromazine, was
synthesized and tested in France at a military hospital by the
French physician Laborit. Laborit found that chlorpromazine
induced calm in patients and had other effects that might be useful clinically. Chlorpromazine, known colloquially as
‘Laborit’s drug’ was released into the market in 1953 after
a trial published in 1952 showed efficacy in treatment of
psychosis in 38 individuals who received daily injections of
chlorpromazine. Chlorpromazine is the prototypical drug for
the phenothiazine class of antipsychotics. The phenothiazines
are classified as low-potency antipsychotics and have more
side effects at standard doses than the newer agents used as
neuroleptics. For example, they are more anticholinergic and
have more extrapyramidal effect than newer agents.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Phenothiazine is a greenish-yellow to greenish-gray crystalline substance. Slight odor and taste.
Verwenden
Phenothiazines are neuroleptic agents that affect a variety of
receptors including dopaminergic receptor sites. Phenothiazines
are used to treat psychosis including schizophrenia;
violent, agitated, disturbed behavior; and mania secondary to
bipolar disorder. Other uses include treatment of pain, headache,
hiccups, acute severe anxiety, idiopathic dystonia,
withdrawal, taste disorders, leishmaniasis, acute intermittent
porphyria, and alleviation of nausea and vomiting.
Phenothiazines allow smoother induction of anesthesia,
potentiate anesthetic agents, and treat behavioral symptoms
secondary to Alzheimer disease and senile dementia. Some
phenothiazines exert an antipruritic effect and are useful for
the treatment of neurodermatitis and pruriginous eczema, and
relieve psychogenic itching.
Definition
ChEBI: The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Light green to steel-blue powder. Acquires a greenish-brown tint under exposure to sunlight.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Insoluble in water.
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
Phenothiazine is slowly decomposed by sunlight. . Organosulfides are incompatible with acids, diazo and azo compounds, halocarbons, isocyanates, aldehydes, alkali metals, nitrides, hydrides, and other strong reducing agents. Reactions with these materials generate heat and in many cases hydrogen gas. Many of these compounds may liberate hydrogen sulfide upon decomposition or reaction with an acid.
Brandgefahr
Flash point data for Phenothiazine are not available, but Phenothiazine is probably combustible.
Sicherheitsprofil
Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic to humans by ingestion. Experimental reproductive effects. An insecticide. Large doses, i.e., heavy exposure, may cause hemolytic anemia and toxic degeneration of the liver. Can cause skin irritation and photosensitization. Dangerous; when heated to decomposition or on contact with acid or acid fumes it emits hghly toxic fumes of SOx and NOx.
m?gliche Exposition
Phenothiazine is used as an insecticide; as a base for the manufacture of tranquilizers; as anthelmintic in medicine and veterinary medicine; it is used widely as an intermediate in pharmaceutical manufacture; polymerization inhibitor, antioxidant.
Environmental Fate
Physicochemical Properties
Phenothiazine has the standard formula S(C6H4)2NH and
includes a tricyclic structure that is related to the thiazines.
Thiazines are used in the manufacture of synthetic dies.
Chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine is a white to off-white substance (both the base
and the hydrochloride salt) that is a powder or waxy solid as
a base and a crystalline powder as the hydrochloride. Chlorpromazine
is odorless or has a slightly amine-like odor. It has
a melting point of 56–58 °C and in the basic form is practically
insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, and less soluble in chloroform
and ether. It is freely soluble in dilute mineral acids. As
the hydrochloride salt, chlorpromazine is soluble in water, less
soluble in alcohol and chloroform, and insoluble in ether. A
10% aqueous solution has a pH of 3.5–4.5.
Versand/Shipping
UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material, Technical Name Required
l?uterung methode
Crystallise it from *benzene, toluene, hexane or Me2CO (charcoal) after boiling for 10minutes under reflux. Filter the crystals off and dry them in an oven at 100o, then in a vacuum desiccator over paraffin chips. Also recrystallise it twice from water and dry it in an oven at 100o for 8-10hours. It sublimes at 130o/1mm and has UV with at 253nm in heptane. [Beilstein
Inkompatibilit?ten
Organosulfides are incompatible with strong acids and acid fumes; elevated temperatures; sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides can be produced. Contact with strong reducing agents such as hydrides; azo and diazo compounds, halocarbons, isocyanates can generate heat and may form explosive hydrogen gas
Waste disposal
Dissolve in combustible solvent and spray into incinerator equipped with afterburner and scrubber. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office.
Phenothiazin Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
