| Identification | More | [Name]
Bromine | [CAS]
7726-95-6 | [Synonyms]
Br2
Brom
Brome
Bromo
Broom
BROMINE
Dibromine
BromineGr
BROMINE TS
BROMINE,CP
Bromine >
BROMINE, ACS
caswellno112
Bromine, p.a.
brome(french)
BROMINE WATER
BROMINE LIQUID
BROMINE PURISS
Bromine(99.5%)
brominesolution
molekularesBrom
BROMIDE BROMATE
BroMine, GR ACS
BroMine Water 3%
molecularbromine
Bromine molecule
Bromine, Reagent
Bromine in water
BROMINE, 99.99+%
bromine,solution
Bromine, GR 99%+
BROMINE SIGMAULTRA
BromineForSynthesis
Bromine, extra pure
BROMINE CONCENTRATE
BROMINE,REAGENT,ACS
Government regulation
Bromine, for analysis
Bromine liquid, 99.8%
BROMINE REAGENT GRADE
KOPPESCHARR'S SOLUTION
BROMINE EXTRA PURE 1 L
Bromine ampules 5X20ML
Bromine,water solution
5-CHOLESTENE-3𝝱
Bromine in Acetic Acid
BROMINE WATER, SATURATED
Bromine aqueous solution
Bromine, N/10 (0.1 N)
BromineExtraPure(5X20Ml)
BROMINE, 99+%, EXTRA PURE
Bromine water solution 3%
BROMINE EXTRA PURE 250 ML
Bromine, extra pure, 99+%
Bromine liquid, ACS, 99.5%
0.05mol/L Bromine solution
Bromine, for analysis, 99.8%
BROMINE, REAGENTPLUS, 99.99%
BroMine, 99.6%, for analysis
BROMINE FOR ANALYSIS ISO 1 L
BROMINE, 99.8%, FOR ANALYSIS
BROMINE FOR ANALYSIS ISO 50 ML
epapesticidechemicalcode008701
BROMINE FOR ANALYSIS ISO 250 ML
BROMINE 99.9999 SUPRAPUR 250 ML
BROMINE 99.5+% A.C.S. REAGENT
Bromine liquid, ACS, 99.5% min.
Government regulation USP/EP/BP
Bromine Water, Saturated at 20°C
2,3,5-TriphenylTetrazoliumBromideGr
Bromine, 1M solution in acetic acid
Bromine standard titration solution
Bromine liquid, 99.998% (metals basis)
BROMINE, 1M SOLUTION IN DICHLOROMETHANE
BROMINE 1.0M SOLUTION IN TRIMETHYL &
Bromine liquid, 99.998% trace metals basis
BroMine, 1.0 M solution in CH2Cl2, J&KSeal
Bromine1M solution in acetic acidAcroSeal§3
1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane Tetrabromide
Bromine, 1M solution in acetic acid, AcroSeal
BROMINE, 1.0M SOLUTION IN TRIMETHYL PHOS PHATE
BroMine, 1.0 M solution in acetic acid, J&KSeal
Bromine1M solution in dichloromethaneAcroSeal§3
Bromine, 1M solution in dichloromethane, AcroSeal
Bromine standard solution ,0.05M(0.1N) in water 500ML
BroMine, 1.0 M solution in Methylene chloride, SpcSeal
Bromide, B|: glass body: double junction electrode: kit
IonChromatographyStandardBromine1000mg/L±0.5%inH2O,100ml
Bromide, Br|: epoxy body: single junction electrode: kit
BROMINE PURISS. P.A., REAG. ACS, REAG. ISO, REAG. PH. EUR. | [EINECS(EC#)]
231-778-1 | [Molecular Formula]
Br2 | [MDL Number]
MFCD00010896 | [Molecular Weight]
159.81 | [MOL File]
7726-95-6.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Definition]
Nonmetallic halogen element of atomic number 35,
group VIIA of the periodic table.
Valences 1, 3, 5 (valence of 7 also reported). There
are two stable isotopes.
| [Appearance]
Bromine is a fuming red to dark reddishbrown,
nonflammable, volatile liquid with a suffocating
odor. Soluble in water and alcohol. | [Melting point ]
−7.2 °C(lit.) | [Boiling point ]
58.8 °C(lit.) | [density ]
3.119 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
| [vapor density ]
7.14 (vs air)
| [vapor pressure ]
175 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
| [Fp ]
113 °C | [storage temp. ]
2-8°C
| [solubility ]
35g/l | [form ]
Liquid | [color ]
Red-brown | [Specific Gravity]
3.119 | [Odor]
Odor can be detected at concentrations as low as 0.05 ppm; exposure to concentrations below 1
ppm causes lacrimation. | [Stability:]
Stable. Incompatible with reducing agents, alkali metals, powdered metals, steel, iron, copper, organic materials. | [Resistivity]
7.8E18 μΩ-cm, 20°C | [Water Solubility ]
35 g/L (20 ºC) | [Merck ]
13,1378 | [Exposure limits]
TLV-TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m3) (ACGIH,
MSHA, NIOSH, and OSHA); TLV-STEL
0.3 ppm (ACGIH); IDLH 10 ppm (NIOSH). | [History]
Bromine was discovered by Balard in
1826, but not prepared in quantity until 1860. A member of
the halogen group of elements, it is obtained from natural
brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas. Little bromine
is extracted today from seawater, which contains only about
85 ppm. Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element. Bromine is
a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, volatilizing readily at
room temperature to a red vapor with a strong disagreeable
odor, resembling chlorine, and having a very irritating effect
on the eyes and throat; it is readily soluble in water or carbon
disulfide, forming a red solution, is less active than chlorine
but more so than iodine; it unites readily with many elements
and has a bleaching action; when spilled on the skin it produces
painful sores. Bromine presents a serious health hazard, and
maximum safety precautions should be taken when handling
it. Much of the bromine output in the U.S. was used in the
production of ethylene dibromide, a lead scavenger used in
making gasoline antiknock compounds. Lead in gasoline,
however, has been drastically reduced, due to environmental
considerations. This will greatly affect future production
of bromine. Bromine is also used in making fumigants,
flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes,
medicinals, sanitizers, inorganic bromides for photography,
etc. Organic bromides are also important. Natural bromine is
made of two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br. Thirty-four isotopes and
isomers are known. Bromine (99.8%) costs about $70/kg. | [CAS DataBase Reference]
7726-95-6(CAS DataBase Reference) | [NIST Chemistry Reference]
Bromine(7726-95-6) | [EPA Substance Registry System]
7726-95-6(EPA Substance) |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
T+,C,N,T | [Risk Statements ]
R26:Very Toxic by inhalation.
R35:Causes severe burns.
R50:Very Toxic to aquatic organisms.
R40:Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect.
R22:Harmful if swallowed.
R45:May cause cancer. | [Safety Statements ]
S26:In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice .
S45:In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible) .
S61:Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions safety data sheet .
S7/9:Keep container tightly closed and in a well-ventilated place .
S36/37/39:Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection .
S28:After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of ... (to be specified by the manufacturer) .
S53:Avoid exposure-obtain special instruction before use . | [RIDADR ]
UN 1744 8/PG 1
| [WGK Germany ]
2
| [RTECS ]
EF9100000
| [TSCA ]
Yes | [HazardClass ]
8 | [PackingGroup ]
I | [HS Code ]
28013020 | [Hazardous Substances Data]
7726-95-6(Hazardous Substances Data) | [Toxicity]
LD50 oral (rat) 2600 mg/kg
LC50 inhal (rat) 2700 mg/m3
PEL (OSHA) 0.1 ppm
TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m3)
STEL (ACGIH) 0.3 ppm (2 mg/m3) |
| Raw materials And Preparation Products | Back Directory | [Raw materials]
Sodium hydroxide-->Sulfuric acid-->Sodium carbonate-->Chlorine-->Hydrogen bromide-->ZINC-->Sulfur dioxide-->Potassium chloride-->Sodium bromate-->Magnesium bromide | [Preparation Products]
6-AMINO-5-BROMOPYRIMIDIN-2(1H)-ONE-->Isoquinoline-4-carbaldehyde-->3-(2-Bromoacetyl)pyridine hydrobromide-->5-Bromo-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine-->3,5-Dibromosalicylic acid-->5-BROMO-2-HYDROXY-3-METHOXYBENZALDEHYDE-->3,5-DIBROMO-1H-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE-->2-Amino-5-bromo-4-methylpyridine-->1,1,3,3-TETRABROMOACETONE-->2-Bromo-1-indanone-->2-Bromo-2′-hydroxyacetophenone-->2-Amino-3-bromo-5-nitropyridine-->3-BROMO-1-BENZOFURAN-->3-Amino-4-bromopyrazole-->3-Hydroxy-2,4,6-tribromobenzoic acid-->2-Nitrobenzyl alcohol-->4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline-->Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(dibromopropyl ether)-->Pyridinium tribromide-->2,4-Dibromo-6-methylaniline-->4-BROMO-1H-PYRAZOLE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID-->2-BROMOOCTANOIC ACID-->2-Bromobutyric acid-->1,2,3,4-Tetrabromobutane-->2,4,6-TRIBROMOANISOLE-->1,1,2,2-TETRABROMOETHANE-->3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENACYL BROMIDE-->3-Fluoro-4-methoxybenzoic acid-->4-AMINO-5-BROMO-2-PYRIMIDINOL-->6-BROMO-1,4-BENZODIOXANE-->2,3-Dibromopropionitrile-->Magnesium bromide hexahydrate-->Sodium p-styrenesulfonate-->Brominated polystyrene-->Pentabromodiphenyl ether-->Bromo hydrazine-->Managanese bromide-->2-Bromopropionyl bromide-->(+)-Camphor Bromide |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [General Description]
A reddish-brown aqueous solution. The solubility of bromine in water equals 0.33 mg/ mL. | [Reactivity Profile]
BROMINE SOLUTION is an oxidizing agent. Bromine disproportionates rapidly in basic water to give bromide ion and bromate ion. The latter is also an oxidizing agent. Dissolution lowers reactivity compared to pure bromine. Reacts with reducing reagents. Reacts with hydrogen, diethylzinc, dimethylformamide, ammonia, trimethylamine, nitromethane, metal azides (silver or sodium azide). Can react with Mg, Sr, B, Al, Hg, Ti, Sn, Sb in powder or sheet form, to form bromides. Can react with methanol, ethanol, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, diethyl ether, carbonyl compounds, tetrahydrofuran, acrylonitrile, ozone, phosphorus, natural rubber. Reactions with red phosphorus, metal azides, nitromethane, silane and its homologues may be vigorous.[Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 109]. | [Air & Water Reactions]
Slightly soluble in water. | [Hazard]
Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, severe
skin irritant. Strong oxidizing agent, may ignite
combustible materials on contact. Upper and lower
respiratory tract irritant, and lung damage.
| [Health Hazard]
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. | [Potential Exposure]
Bromine is primarily used in the manufacture
of gasoline antiknock compounds (1,2-dibromoethane).
Other uses are for gold extraction; in brominating
hydrocarbons; in bleaching fibers and silk; in the manufacture
of military gas, dyestuffs; and as an oxidizing agent. It is used
in the manufacture of many pharmaceuticals and pesticides. | [Fire Hazard]
Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. | [First aid]
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency
medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not
breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim
ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration
with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve
or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen
if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated
clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance,
immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at
least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading
material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to
substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel
are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to
protect themselves. Medical observation is recommended
for 24 to 48 hours after breathing overexposure, as pulmonary
edema may be delayed. As first aid for pulmonary
edema, a doctor or authorized paramedic may consider
administering a drug or other inhalation therapy. | [Shipping]
Bromine UN1744 Hazard class: 8; Labels: 8—
Corrosive material; 6.1—Poison Inhalation Hazard,
Inhalation Hazard Zone A. Bromine solutions, Hazard
class: 8; Labels: 8—Corrosives materials; 6.1—Poison
Inhalation Hazard, Inhalation Hazard Zone A; Bromine
solutions, Hazard class: 8 Labels: 8—Corrosive material;
6.1—Poison Inhalation Hazard, Inhalation Hazard Zone B. | [Incompatibilities]
A powerful oxidizer. May cause fire and
explosions in contact with organic or other readily oxidizable
materials. Contact with aqueous ammonia, acetaldehyde,
acetylene, acrylonitrile, or with metals, may cause violent
reactions. Anhydrous Br2 reacts with aluminum, titanium,
mercury, potassium; wet Br2 with other metals. Also incompatible
with alcohols, antimony, alkali hydroxides, arsenites,
boron, calcium nitrite, cesium monoxide, carbonyls,
dimethyl formamide, ethyl phosphine, fluorine, ferrous and
mercurous salts; germanium, hypophosphites, iron carbide,
isobutyronphenone, magnesium phosphide, methanol, nickel
carbonyl, olefins, ozone, sodium and many other substances.
Attacks some coatings, and some forms of plastic and rubber.
Corrodes iron, steel, stainless steel; and copper. | [Chemical Properties]
Bromine is a fuming red to dark reddishbrown,
nonflammable, volatile liquid with a suffocating
odor. Soluble in water and alcohol. | [Chemical Properties]
Butane, CH3(CH2)2CH3, also known as n-butane and methyl-ethyl methane,is a colorless gas that occurs in natural gas and is obtained by cracking petroleum. It is used as a refrigerant and as a fuel.
| [Waste Disposal]
Large volumes of concentrated
solutions of reducing agents (bisulfites or ferrous
salts) may be added. The mixture is neutralized with
soda ash or dilute HCl and flushed to the sewer with large
volumes of water. | [Physical properties]
Bromine is a thick, dark-red liquid with a high density. It is the only nonmetallic elementthat is a liquid at normal room temperatures. (The other element that is liquid at room temperaturesis the metal mercury.) Bromine’s density is 3.12g/cm3, which is three times the density ofwater. Its vapor is much denser than air, and when it is poured into a beaker, the fumes hug thebottom of the container. Bromine’s melting point is –72°C, and its boiling point is 58.8°C. | [Isotopes]
There are a total of 40 isotopes of bromine. Of these, only two are stable: Br-79constitutes 50.69% of the stable bromine found on Earth, and Br-81 makes up 49.31%of the naturally occurring abundance. All the other isotopes of bromine are radioactivewith half-lives ranging from 1.2 nanoseconds to 16.2 hours. | [Origin of Name]
Named for the Greek word bromos, which means “stench.” | [Occurrence]
Bromine is the 62nd most abundant element found on Earth. Although it is not founduncombined in nature, it is widely distributed over the Earth in low concentrations. It isfound in seawater at a concentration of 65 ppm. This concentration is too low for the bromineto be extracted directly, so the salt water must be concentrated, along with chlorine and othersalts, by solar evaporation, distillation, or both.
Most of the commercial bromine that is recovered comes from underground salt minesand deep brine wells. A major source is the deep brine wells found in the state of Arkansas and Great Salt Lake of Utah in the United States. This brine contains about one-half percentbromine. Chlorine gas is added to hot brine that oxidizes the bromine ions in solution, whichis then collected as elemental bromine. It is also commercially produced, along with potash,from evaporation of the high-salt-content water of the Dead Sea, which is 1290 feet below sealevel and is located on the borders of the Middle Eastern countries of Israel and Jordan. | [Characteristics]
Bromine is a very reactive nonmetallic element, located between chlorine and iodine in theperiodic table. Bromine gas fumes are very irritating and toxic and will cause severe burns ifspilled on the skin.
Bromine is soluble in most organic solvents and only slightly soluble in H2O. Liquid brominewill attack most metals, even platinum. | [Uses]
A major use is as a gasoline additive called ethylene dibromide, an antiknock agent thatremoves lead additives from automobile engines after the combustion of leaded gasoline, thuspreventing the lead from forming deposits in the engine. The lead prevents premature burningof the gas/air mixture in the engine’s cylinders that causes the “knocking” sound in the engine.The lead combines with the bromine to form lead bromide, a volatile gas, which is expelledthrough the car’s exhaust system. Ethylene dibromide is a potent carcinogen. Since the introductionof lead free gasoline, this use has declined in importance; recently, other chemicalshave been substituted for the lead as an additive in gasoline.
Methyl bromide is used as a pesticide, which is very effective against parasitic nematodes(e.g., hookworms). Silver bromide is used in photography. Compounds of bromide are usedas flame-retardants, water purifiers, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. Bromine has many applicationswhen it is combined with organic compounds. For example, it is used as a reagent tostudy the organic reactions of many other compounds. It is also used as a disinfectant, afumigant, and a sedative. In the nineteenth century, many people took a “bromide” to easetension. | [Uses]
Bromine is used for bleaching fibers and silk,as a disinfectant for purifying water, in themanufacture of bromo compounds for dyesand pharmaceutical uses, as an analyticalreagent, and in organic synthesis. It occursin igneous rock and seawater. | [Uses]
manufacture of organic and inorganic chemicals, such as fuel additives, fire retardants, pesticides, oil well drilling fluids, pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs. In water disinfection; as bleaching agent, surface disinfectant. | [Flammability and Explosibility]
Bromine alone is a noncombustible substance (NFPA rating = 0). | [storage]
work with bromine should be conducted in a
fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and rubber gloves
should be worn at all times when handling this corrosive substance. Containers of
bromine should be stored at room temperature in a secondary container separately
from readily oxidizable substances. | [Purification Methods]
Reflux the brown liquid with solid KBr and distil, then dry the distillate by shaking it with an equal volume of conc H2SO4, then redistil it. The H2SO4 treatment can be replaced by direct distillation from BaO or P2O5 A more extensive purification [Hildenbrand et al. J Am Chem Soc 80 4129 1958] is to reflux about 1L of bromine for 1hour with a mixture of 16g of CrO3 in 200mL of conc H2SO4 (to remove organic material). The bromine is distilled into a clean, dry, glass-stoppered bottle, and chlorine is removed by dissolving ca 25g of freshly fused CsBr in 500mL of the bromine and standing overnight. To remove HBr and water, the bromine is then distilled back and forth through a train containing alternate tubes of MgO and P2O5. [Schmeisser in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 275 1963.] HIGHLY TOXIC. |
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