| Identification | More | [Name]
Hexachloroethane | [CAS]
67-72-1 | [Synonyms]
CARBON HEXACHLORIDE
CARBON TRICHLORIDE
HEXACHLOROETHANE
PERCHLOROETHANE
1,1,1,2,2,2-Hexachloroethane
Avlothane
C2Cl6
caswellno.479
CCl3CCl3
Distokal
Distopan
Distopin
Egitol
epapesticidechemicalcode045201
Ethane hexachloride
Ethane,hexachloro-
ethanehexachloride
Ethylene hexachloride
ethylenehexachloride
Falkitol | [EINECS(EC#)]
200-666-4 | [Molecular Formula]
C2Cl6 | [MDL Number]
MFCD00000799 | [Molecular Weight]
236.74 | [MOL File]
67-72-1.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Appearance]
Hexachloroethane is a white solid with a
camphor-like odor. It gradually evaporates when it is exposed to air. | [Melting point ]
183-185 °C (dec.) (lit.) | [Boiling point ]
186℃ | [density ]
2.091 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
| [vapor density ]
8.16 (vs air)
| [vapor pressure ]
0.4 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
| [refractive index ]
1.5282 (estimate) | [Fp ]
9℃ | [storage temp. ]
2-8°C | [solubility ]
Soluble in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether | [form ]
Crystals or Crystalline Powder | [color ]
White | [Stability:]
Stable. Non-combustible. May react with hot metals, strong oxidizing agents. | [Water Solubility ]
0.05 g/L (22 ºC) | [Merck ]
14,4679 | [BRN ]
1740341 | [Henry's Law Constant]
1.43, 2.81, and 5.31 at 10, 20, and 30 °C, respectively (Munz and Roberts, 1987) | [Exposure limits]
TLV-TWA 10 ppm (～100 mg/m3) (ACGIH),
1 ppm (MSHA and OSHA), Lowest Feasi ble Limit (NIOSH); carcinogenicity: Animal
Limited Evidence (IARC). | [CAS DataBase Reference]
67-72-1(CAS DataBase Reference) | [IARC]
2B (Vol. 73) 1999 | [NIST Chemistry Reference]
Ethane, hexachloro-(67-72-1) | [EPA Substance Registry System]
Hexachloroethane (67-72-1) |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
Xn,N,T,F | [Risk Statements ]
R40:Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect.
R51/53:Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment .
R36/37/38:Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin .
R39/23/24/25:Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed .
R36/38:Irritating to eyes and skin .
R23/24/25:Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed .
R11:Highly Flammable. | [Safety Statements ]
S36/37:Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves .
S61:Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions safety data sheet .
S45:In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible) .
S36/37/39:Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection .
S26:In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice .
S24:Avoid contact with skin .
S16:Keep away from sources of ignition-No smoking .
S7:Keep container tightly closed . | [RIDADR ]
UN 9037 | [WGK Germany ]
3
| [RTECS ]
KI4025000
| [TSCA ]
Yes | [HazardClass ]
9 | [PackingGroup ]
III | [HS Code ]
29031990 | [Hazardous Substances Data]
67-72-1(Hazardous Substances Data) | [Toxicity]
MLD i.v. in dogs: 325 mg/kg (Barsoum, Saad) | [IDLA]
300 ppm |
| Raw materials And Preparation Products | Back Directory | [Raw materials]
Sodium hydroxide-->Chlorine-->Carbon tetrachloride-->Trichloroethylene-->Tetrachloroethylene-->1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane-->PENTACHLOROETHANE-->ACETYLTRIPHENYLGERMANE-->TRIPHENYLGERMANIUM CHLORIDE-->1,1,1-TRICHLOROACETONE | [Preparation Products]
METHYL-2-CHLOROOXAZOLE-5-CARBOXYLATE-->1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane-->2-Chloro-3-fluoropyridine-4-carboxylic acid-->1,2-DIFLUOROTETRACHLOROETHANE-->1,2-DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROETHANE-->Ethanediamide, N1,N1,N2,N2-tetraethyl--->DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDOUS DICHLORIDE-->4-chloropyridine-->3-Chloroquinoline |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [General Description]
HEXACHLOROETHANE(67-72-1) is a colorless, crystalline solid with a camphor-like odor. HEXACHLOROETHANE(67-72-1) may cause illness from inhalation or ingestion and may irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. When heated to high temperatures HEXACHLOROETHANE(67-72-1) may emit toxic fumes. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. HEXACHLOROETHANE(67-72-1) is used to make other chemicals. | [Reactivity Profile]
HEXACHLOROETHANE can react with hot iron, zinc and aluminum. Dehalogenation of this material by reaction with alkalis and metals will produce unstable chloroacetylenes. HEXACHLOROETHANE can also react with strong oxidizing agents. . | [Air & Water Reactions]
Insoluble in water. | [Hazard]
Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong
irritant, absorbed by skin. Possible carcinogen. | [Health Hazard]
Compound is a powerful narcotic and liver poison; may also cause changes in blood composition and neurological disturbances. Repeated exposure by inhalation can be fatal. Ingestion causes vomiting, diarrhea, severe mucosal injury, liver necrosis, cyanosis, unconsciousness, loss of reflexes, and death. Contact with eyes causes irritation and lachrymation. Can be absorbed through the skin and may produce severe skin lesions. | [Potential Exposure]
In the US, about half the HCE is used
by the military for smoke-producing devices. It is also used
to remove air bubbles in melted aluminum. It may be
present as an ingredient in some fungicides, insecticides,
lubricants, and plastics. It is no longer made in the United
States, but it is formed as a by-product in the production of
some chemicals. Can be formed by incinerators when mate rials containing chlorinated hydrocarbons are burned. Some
HCE can also be formed when chlorine reacts with carbon
compounds in drinking water. As a medicinal, HCE is used
as an anthelmintic to treat fascioliasis in sheep and cattle.
It is also added to the feed of ruminants, preventing metha nogenesis and increasing feed efficiency. HCE is used in
metal and alloy production, mainly in refining aluminum
alloys. It is also used for removing impurities from molten
metals, recovering metals from ores or smelting products
and improving the quality of various metals and alloys.
HCE is contained in pyrotechnics. It inhibits the explosive ness of methane and the combustion of ammonium perchlo rate. Smoke containing HCE is used to extinguish fires.
HCE has various applications as a polymer additive. It has
flameproofing qualities, increases sensitivity to radiation
crosslinking, and is used as a vulcanizing agent. Added to
polymer fibers, HCE acts as a swelling agent and increases
affinity for dyes. | [Fire Hazard]
Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Irritating hydrogen chloride vapor may form in fire. | [First aid]
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency
medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not
breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim
ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration
with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve
or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxy gen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contami nated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance,
immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at
least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading
material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet.
Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to
substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel
are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to
protect themselves. Medical observation is recommended for
24 to 48 hours after breathing overexposure, as pulmonary
edema may be delayed. As first aid for pulmonary edema, a
doctor or authorized paramedic may consider administering
a drug or other inhalation therapy. | [Shipping]
UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s.,
Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials,
Technical Name Required. UN3077 Environmentally
hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9;
Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material, Technical
Name Required. | [Incompatibilities]
Incompatible with strong acids, oxidizers
(chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates,
chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires
or explosions. Keep away from strong bases. | [Description]
Hexachloroethane (HCE) is a halogenated hydrocarbon consisting
of six chlorines attached to an ethane (ACGIH, 1991); it
is a white to pale yellow solid that is unstable in air and evaporates
gradually. It smells like camphor when its concentration
in air and water are 150 and 10 ppb, respectively. HCE itself
does not catch fire easily; however; in aqueous nonbiological
conditions it has been determined that HCE is unstable and
nonenzymatic dechlorination in the absence of nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) occurs. It rapidly
degrades in soil or groundwater. Also, some microorganisms
break down HCE without oxygen, and decomposition in
aerobic conditions has been reported. Some bioconcentration
of HCE in fish has been determined, though upper levels
through the food chain are limited, since it is rapidly metabolized
by fish, which is discussed later (ATSDR, 1997).
Eyes, skin, respiratory system, and kidneys have been
proposed as main targets in humans upon exposure. Symptoms
include blinking, tearing, photophobia, and irritation of
eyes. Also, facial muscles may have difficulty in movement.
Animal studies on effects of HCE during pregnancy are limited.
After oral exposure, HCE is primarily distributed to fat tissue.
Toxicokinetic studies in animals indicated that HCE is mostly
localized and metabolized in the liver and kidney. Several
corresponded metabolites have demonstrated liver and kidney
toxicities similar to HCE. Neurological effects such as tremors
and ataxia were observed in Beagle dogs, rats, and pregnant
rats. Other effects via inhalation exposure included reduced
body weight and increased relative liver weight in rats and
guinea pigs. In another study, male rats also displayed
increased relative spleen and testes weight. Based on California
Proposition 65, HCE was proposed to be carcinogenic for
humans, and it induces tumors at sites other than the site of
entry. Noncancerous effects include kidney degeneration
(tubular nephropathy, necrosis of renal tubular epithelium,
hyaline droplet formation, tubular regeneration, and tubular
casts) and hepatocellular necrosis. It results in hyaline droplet
nephropathy and renal toxicity, and it induces chromosome
malsegregation, lethality, and mitotic growth arrest (Crebelli
et al., 1995, 1992, 1988). | [Chemical Properties]
Hexachloroethane is a white solid with a
camphor-like odor. It gradually evaporates when it is exposed to air. | [Chemical Properties]
white crystalline powder | [Waste Disposal]
Incineration after mixing with
another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure
complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene.
An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids pro duced. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for
guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of
waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must con form to EPA regulations governing storage, transportation,
treatment, and waste disposal. | [Physical properties]
Rhombic, triclinic or cubic, colorless crystals with a camphor-like odor. Odor threshold
concentration is 0.15 ppm (quoted, Amoore and Hautala, 1983). | [Uses]
Hexachloroethane is used as a solvent, infireworks and smoke devices; in explosives,in celluloid, as an insecticide, and as a rubbervulcanizing accelerator. Earlier it was used asan anthelmintic for livestock.
Hexachloroethane is a highly efficient chlorinating agent in the preparation of chlorosilanes from hydrosilanes. | [Uses]
In metallurgy for refining aluminum alloys, removing impurities from molten metals, recovering metal from ores or smelting products. Degassing agent for magnesium; to inhibit explosiveness of methane and combustion of ammonium perchlorate. Smoke generator in grenades; in pyrotechnics. Ignition suppressant, in fire extinguishing fluids, polymer additive, flame-proofing agent, vulcanizing agent. In production of synthetic diamonds. | [Uses]
The applications of hexachloroethane have been extensive; however, industrial uses are diminishing. Hexachloroethane is used primarily in military smoke munitions (e.g., smoke pots, grenades, cartridges, and projectiles used to generate “smoke” or “fog”) and in pyrotechnics.
The estimated average annual use of hexachloroethane from 1966 to 1977 at a major facility manufacturing smoke and pyrotechnic devices was 192,802 lb. In the 1970s, about half of the hexachloroethane distributed was used to manufacture military smoke-producing and pyrotechnic devices, 30% to 40% to manufacture degassing pellets to remove air bubbles from molten ore at aluminum foundries, and 10% to 20% as an antihelminthic to control liver flukes in sheep and cattle. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration withdrew approval for the use of hexachloroethane as an antihelminthic in 1971, and it probably is no longer used for this purpose (ATSDR 1997). Its use for degassing aluminum also has been almost completely phased out in the United States (EPA 1999). Other uses in metallurgy include refining alloys, removing impurities from molten metals, recovering metals from ores or smelting products, and as a degassing agent for magnesium; however, the European Union began phasing out the use of hexachloroethane in nonferrous metals in 1998 (EC 1998).
A number of other past uses of hexachloroethane have been identified, but many of these likely have been discontinued or involve the use of only limited quantities. Hexachloroethane is used as a laboratory chemical and as an ingredient in various fungicidal and insecticidal formulations, extreme-pressure lubricants, and plastics (ATSDR 1997, IARC 1999, HSDB 2009). Other past uses include as a moth repellent and in the chemical industry as a polymer additive, a plasticizer for cellulose esters, an accelerator, a vulcanizing agent, a process solvent in rubber manufacturing, a retardant in fermentation processes, and a component of submarine paints, and in the production of some types of synthetic diamonds. It has also been used as a component of fire-extinguishing fluids, an additive in combustible liquids (ignition suppressant), and an inhibitor of the explosiveness of methane and the combustion of ammonium perchlorate (IARC 1979, 1999, HSDB 2009). | [Definition]
ChEBI: A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane in which all the hydrogens are replaced by chloro groups. | [Carcinogenicity]
Hexachloroethane is reasonably anticipated to be ogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicit
a human carciny from studies in experimental animals. | [storage]
Color Code- Blue: Health Hazard/Poison: Storein a secure poison location. Prior to working with thischemical you should be trained on its proper handling andstorage. Hexachloroethane must be stored to avoid contactwith hot iron, zinc， aluminum, and alkalis since violentreactions occur. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool,well-ventilated area away from heat. A regulated, markedarea should be established where this chemical is handled,used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard1910.1045. | [Purification Methods]
Steam distil it, then crystallise it from 95% EtOH. Dry it in the dark under vacuum. [Beilstein 1 IV 148.] | [Toxicity evaluation]
Reports on human health effects are limited and confounded
by coexposure to multiple solvents or other toxicants (e.g.,
HCE-zinc oxide smoke), and are too small to provide definitive
conclusions on health effects. Animal studies suggest that HCE
is primarily metabolized to tetrachloroethylene (PERC) and
pentachloroethane by CYP450 enzymes of the liver, with likely
subsequent metabolism to TCE. Metabolites identified in the
urine include TCA, trichloroethanol, oxalic acid, dichloroethanol,
dichloroacetic acid, and monochloroacetic acid
(Gorzinski et al., 1985).
Studies of TCA (a potential metabolite of HCE) indicate
that free-radical generation may play a role in mediating
toxicity, particularly in the liver. However, no data are available
demonstrating generation of free radicals following exposure to
HCE, and it is unknown whether unchanged HCE or its
metabolites are responsible for the liver and kidney toxicities
observed in animal studies. Lipid peroxidation was reported by
formation of malondialdehyde and conjugated dienes, which
involves free radicals (Town et al., 1984). In another study, the
presence of radiolabeled carbon measured by in vivo binding
studies suggested that HCE can bind to DNA, RNA, and
protein. Therefore, renal toxicity and hepatotoxicity may also
involve HCE binding to DNA, RNA, or protein, resulting in
cytotoxicity and contributing to the cytotoxic damage from
radicals. Another hypothesis is the data that a α2u-globulin
mode of action could contribute to HCE-induced nephropathy
but they are not sufficient. |
| Questions And Answer | Back Directory | [Overview]
Hexachloroethane (HCE; CASRN 67-72-1) is a halogenated hydrocarbon consisting of six chlorines attached to an ethane backbone. In the past, HCE was used as an anti-helminthic for the treatment of sheep flukes, but is no longer used for this purpose since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) withdrew approval for this use in 1971[1]. HCE is primarily used by the military for smoke pots; smoke grenades, and pyrotechnic devices[1]. HCE has also been used as a polymer additive, a moth repellant, a plasticizer for cellulose esters, and an insecticide solvent, and in metallurgy for refining aluminum alloys[1, 3]. HCE was also identified in the headspace of chlorine-bleach-containing household products[4].
Figure 1 the chemical structure of hexachloroethane
HCE is produced by the chlorination of tetrachloroethylene (PERC) in the presence of ferric chloride[1]. HCE was produced in the United States (U.S.) for commercial distribution from 1921 to 1967, but is currently not commercially distributed[1, 5]. In the 1970s, U.S. producers of HCE reported that HCE was not distributed, but was only used in-house or recycled[1]; U.S. distributors in the 1970s imported HCE from France, Spain, and the United Kingdom[1]. U.S. production plus imports of HCE totaled 10 million–50 million pounds in 1986, 1 million–10 million pounds in 1990, 10 million–50 million pounds in 1994, 500,000–1 million pounds in 1998, 10,000–500,000 pounds in 2002, and 1–10 million pounds in 2006[6]. | [Application]
Hexachloroethane was reported to be used as a chemical intermediate, as a flux agent for grain refining and degassing of aluminum alloys, and as a flame retardant in industrial laminating resins. It was also reported to be used as a reactant in military smoke ammunition. Other uses of hexachloroethane noted in earlier scientific and technical literature were in military pyrotechnics, in the metallurgical industry, as a plasticizer, as an ignition suppressant, as a processing aid in various industrial processes, as a component of fungicidal and insecticidal formulations, and (formerly) as an anthelmintic in veterinary medicine[1, 7]. The use of hexachloroethane in cosmetics appears on the List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients (more commonly referred to as the Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist or simply the Hotlist), an administrative tool that Health Western countries uses to communicate to manufacturers and others that certain substances, when present in a cosmetic, may contravene (a) the general prohibition found in section 16 of the Food and Drugs Act or (b) a provision of the Cosmetic Regulations. Hexachloroethane is not used in pesticide formulations in Western countries. Also, currently in Western countries, hexachloroethane is not present in veterinary products, it is no longer used in military smoke ammunition, and no evidence has been found for its current use as a flame retardant. Hexachloroethane is not an approved food additive in western countries and was not present in various regulatory food databases[8, 9]. It does however continue to be imported into Western countries for use as a degassing agent for oxides and hydrogen elimination from aluminum alloys during die casting at a quantity of less than 2000 kg per year.
The production and uses of hexachloroethane are being phased out internationally. The European Commission prohibits the use of hexachloroethane in the manufacturing or processing of non-ferrous metals[10]. In the United States, there has been a trend away from using hexachloroethane flux in the secondary aluminum industry[11]. Similarly, representatives of the aluminum industry in the United States report that hexachloroethane is no longer used in most primary aluminum degassing[12]. The Aluminum Association of western countries has also reported that its members do not use hexachloroethane in their activities (primary aluminum industry).
It was reported that hexachloroethane may be a constituent of lubricating greases and oils, non-structural caulking compounds and sealants, automotive chemicals; laundry and ironing aids and dry cleaning agents, but no quantitative data were provided[13].
| [Environmental fate]
Hexachloroethane is an industrial chemical that is not known to occur naturally. It is not produced for commercial distribution in the United States, but is imported for use in military smoke and pyrotechnic devices and as an intermediate in the organic chemicals industry. It is released to the environment from these uses, primarily to the atmosphere.
Hexachloroethane is relatively persistent in the environment. It volatilizes readily from water to the atmosphere, with a half-life of less than one day in some waters. Hexachloroethane may also leach through soil to groundwater. Neither hydrolysis nor photolysis is expected to be important removal processes, but hexachloroethane may be reduced in aquatic systems in the presence of specific agents. Bioconcentration in fish has been reported, but bio magnification through the food chain is unlikely. Biodegradation may contribute to hexachloroethane removal from ambient waters, but there is conflicting evidence regarding the significance of this fate process for hexachloroethane.
Hexachloroethane has been detected at low (ng/m3) levels in the atmosphere and occasionally in drinking water systems. It is rarely detected in surface waters or biota, and has not been reported in ambient soil, sediments, or commercial food products.
Hexachloroethane has been identified in at least 45 of the 1,416 hazardous waste sites that have been proposed for inclusion on the EPA National Priorities List (NPL) (HazDat 1995). However, the number of sites evaluated for hexachloroethane is not known.
| [Health effect]
Mild skin irritation can occur when workers at a munitions factory were exposed to low levels of hexachloroethane[15]. The workers should wear protective clothing to greatly reduce exposure. Based on the animal data, hexachloroethane in the air can irritate human's nose and lungs and cause some buildup of mucus in the nose, much like an allergy. It can also irritate the eyes and make them tear.
People in an area having a lot of hexachloroethane vapor may have their facial muscles twitch or have difficulty moving[15]. These effects have been observed in animals during exposure at levels far greater than those found in industrial use of hexachloroethane or those that would be expected in areas near a hazardous waste site. Hexachloroethane is not a highly toxic substance. People who exposed to a large amount for a long time may have their liver cells destroyed and fat built up in your liver. There is also a slight chance that the kidneys could be damaged[15]. Although no results from animal studies suggest that hexachloroethane would make it hard for you to become pregnant or that it would hurt your baby while you are pregnant, animal studies that have looked at the effects of hexachloroethane during pregnancy are limited[15].
Liver tumors can develop in mice that were orally exposed to hexachloroethane for their whole lifetime. Liver tumors are common in mice. Hexachloroethane may not necessarily have the same effect on people. Male rats that were exposed to hexachloroethane for their lifetime developed kidney tumors. This type of tumor is not found in people, so it is unlikely that exposure to hexachloroethane would cause you to develop cancer of the kidney. The Department of Health and Human Services claims that hexachloroethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (can cause cancer). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that hexachloroethane is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in people. EPA has determined that hexachloroethane is a possible human carcinogen[15].
| [Toxico-kinetics]
No studies have evaluated HCE absorption in humans by oral or inhalation exposure. HCE was identified in follicular fluid of women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) during an analysis for environmental contaminants[16]. These data indicate the potential for HCE uptake, but not the source or route of exposure. The dermal absorption rate of HCE has been described as limited[1]; the absorption of a saturated HCE solution across human skin was estimated to be 0.023 mg/cm2•hour[17]. There are limited data on the distribution of HCE in humans[16]. Animal studies have consistently demonstrated that HCE is distributed to fat, kidney, liver, and blood[18, 19]. Data from in vivo and in vitro studies support a conclusion that metabolism of HCE is incomplete, with excretion of unmetabolized HCE in exhaled air and possibly in urine. In vivo metabolism data for HCE are limited to three studies: Mitoma et al. (1985) in rats and mice[20]; Jondorf et al. (1957) in rabbits[21]; and Fowler (1969) in sheep[22]. Each of these studies suggest limited metabolism for HCE. A variety of intermediary metabolites have also been identified in exhaled air and urine[21, 22]. In vitro studies using liver microsomes indicated that HCE metabolism involves phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes[23, 24]; however, no specific enzymes have been identified. The CYP450 enzymes induced by phenobarbital include those from the 2A, 2B, 2C, and 3A subfamilies. One study[25] found evidence for CYP1A2 involvement in the metabolism of HCE, although this was not supported by the results from in vitro studies with 3-methylcholanthrene, an inducer of the CYP450 1 subfamily[23, 24]. No available studies evaluated the HCE elimination in humans. Animal studies indicated that the major routes of HCE elimination are either by fecal matter or by expired air[20-22]. Sheep studies[22] indicated that orally administered HCE is eliminated by the fecal route without absorption and metabolism, while rodent studies[20] provided evidence that HCE is absorbed and eliminated by exhalation. It is unknown why there is a difference in elimination between sheep and rodents.
| [References]
- ATSDR. (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). (1997). Toxicological profile for hexachloroethane. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Humans Services
- ACGIH. (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). (2001). Documentation of threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices for 2001. Cincinnati, OH.
- U.S. EPA. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1991). Alpha-2u-globulin: Association with chemically induced renal toxicity and neoplasia in the male rat. (EPA/625/3-91/019F). pp. 136. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment Forum
- Odabasi, M. (2008). Environ Sci Technol 42: 1445-1451
- IARC. (International Agency for Research on Cancer). (1979). Some halogenated hydrocarbons: Summary of data reported and evaluation. In IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, France.
- NTP. (National Toxicology Program). (2011). Report on carcinogens. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
- [IARC] IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 1999. Some chemicals that cause tumours of the kidney or urinary bladder in rodents and some other substances. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinogen Risk Chem Hum 73: 295-306.
- [FDA] Food and Drug Administration. 2013a. Everything Added to Food in the United States.
- [FDA] Food and Drug Administration. 2013a. List of indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances.
- [CEC] Commission of the European Communities. 2001. Commission Directive 2001/91/EC of 29 October 2001
- Strueter RP. 1999. Comments received from the Aluminum Association by Mr. Frank Anscombe, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, IL, February 25, 1999.
- [CGLI] Council of Great Lakes Industries. 1999. Octachlorostyrene and suggested industrial sources. A report to the Great Lakes Binational Toxics Strategy OCS Workgroup, March 9, 1999.
- Scorecard[database on the Internet]. 2005. Chemical profile for hexachloroethane (CAS Number: 67-72-1).
- HazDat. 1995. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA. March 9, 1993.
- https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=868&tid=169
- Younglai, E; et al (2002). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 43: 121-126.
- Fiserova-Bergerova, V et al (1990) Am J Ind Med 17: 617-635
- Gorzinski, S et al (1985). Drug Chem Toxicol 8: 155-169
- Nolan, R and Karbowski, R. (1978). Hexachloroethane: Tissue clearance and distribution in Fischer 344 rats. (878213746). Midland, MI: Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology Research Laboratory.
- Mitoma, C; (1985) et al Drug Chem Toxicol 8: 183-194.
- Jondorf, W; (1957) et al Biochem J 65: 14P-15P.
- Fowler, J. (1969). Br J Pharmacol 35: 530-542.
- Nastainczyk, W; et al (1982a). Biochem Pharmacol 31: 391-396.
- Nastainczyk, W; et al (1982b). In R Snyder (Ed.), Biological reactive intermediates II: Chemical mechanisms and biological effects (Vol. 136 Pt. A, pp. 799-808). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
- Yanagita, K et al (1997). Arch Biochem Biophys 346: 269-276.
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