| Identification | More | [Name]
Ammonium hydroxide | [CAS]
1336-21-6 | [Synonyms]
AMMONIA
AMMONIA AQUEOUS
AMMONIA, DILUTE R1
AMMONIA R
AMMONIA SOLUTION
AMMONIA TS
AMMONIA WATER
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE, 2.00 N
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE, 5.000N
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE, 5.00 N
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE, 6.00 N
AQUA AMMONIA
AQUEOUS AMMONIA
SPIRIT OF HARTSHORN
ammonia,monohydrate
ammoniamonohydrate
ammoniawater29%
Ammoniumhydrate
ammoniumhydroxide((nh4)(oh)) | [EINECS(EC#)]
215-647-6 | [Molecular Formula]
H5NO | [MDL Number]
MFCD00066650 | [Molecular Weight]
35.05 | [MOL File]
1336-21-6.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Appearance]
Ammonium Hydroxide is a colorless to milkywhite
solution of ammonia, with a strong, irritating odor. | [Melting point ]
-77°C | [Boiling point ]
36°C | [density ]
0.91 g/mL at 20 °C
| [vapor density ]
1.2 (vs air) | [vapor pressure ]
115 mmHg at 20 °C for 29% solution | [storage temp. ]
Store at RT. | [solubility ]
Water (Soluble) | [form ]
Liquid, Single Sub-Boiling Quartz Distillation | [pka]
9.3(at 25℃) | [color ]
Colorless | [Specific Gravity]
approximate 0.96 (10%, 15℃) | [Odor]
Strong pungent ammonia odor detectable at 17 ppm | [PH]
10.09(1 mM solution);10.61(10 mM solution);11.12(100 mM solution); | [Stability:]
Stable. Incompatible with copper, copper alloys, acids, galvanised iron, zinc, aluminium, bronze, dimethyl sulphate, mercury, alkali metals. | [explosive limit]
27% | [Water Solubility ]
Miscible with water. | [λmax]
λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.01
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.01 | [Merck ]
14,494 | [BRN ]
3587154 | [InChIKey]
VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N | [Uses]
Ammonium Hydroxide is an alkaline that is a clear, colorless solu-
tion of ammonia which is used as a leavening agent, a ph control
agent, and a surface finishing agent. it is used in baked goods, cheese,
puddings, processed fruits, and in the production of caramels. | [CAS DataBase Reference]
1336-21-6(CAS DataBase Reference) | [EPA Substance Registry System]
1336-21-6(EPA Substance) |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
C,N | [Risk Statements ]
R34:Causes burns.
R50:Very Toxic to aquatic organisms. | [Safety Statements ]
S26:In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice .
S36/37/39:Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection .
S45:In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible) .
S61:Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions safety data sheet . | [RIDADR ]
UN 2672 8/PG 3
| [WGK Germany ]
2
| [RTECS ]
BQ9625000
| [F ]
34 | [Autoignition Temperature]
690 °C (for ammonia) | [TSCA ]
Yes | [HazardClass ]
8 | [PackingGroup ]
III | [HS Code ]
28142000 | [Safety Profile]
A human poison by
ingestion. An experimental poison by
inhalation and ingestion. A severe eye
irritant. Human systemic irritant effects by
ocular and inhalation routes. Mutation data
reported. Incompatible with acrolein,
nitromethane, acrylic acid, chlorosulfonic
acid, dimethyl sulfate, halogens, (Au + aqua
regia), HCl, HF, HNO3, oleum, ppropiolactone,
propylene oxide, AgNO3,
Ag2O, (Ag20 + C2H5OH), AgMn04,
H2SO4. Dangerous; liquid can inflict burns.
Use with adequate ventilation. When
heated to decomposition it emits NH3 and
NO2. | [Hazardous Substances Data]
1336-21-6(Hazardous Substances Data) | [Toxicity]
LD50 oral (rat) 350 mg/kg
PEL (OSHA) 35 ppm (27 mg/m3)
TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 25 ppm (17 mg/m3)
STEL (ACGIH) 35 ppm (27 mg/m3) |
| Raw materials And Preparation Products | Back Directory | [Raw materials]
Sodium hydroxide-->Hydrochloric acid-->Methanol-->Sodium chloride-->Ammonia | [Preparation Products]
FOSAMINE AMMONIUM-->L(-)-Epinephrine-->2-AMINO-3-PYRIDINECARBOXALDEHYDE HCL-->(1-METHYL-1H-BENZIMIDAZOL-2-YL)METHYLAMINE-->2-CHLORO-6-METHYLPYRIMIDIN-4-AMINE-->Ethyl 3-amino-4,4,4-trifluorocrotonate-->2,4-Dimethylimidazole-->(6-BROMO-2-PYRIDINYL)-CARBAMIC ACID,1,1-DIMETHYLETHYL ESTER-->Methocarbamol-->2-ANTHRACENECARBOXYLIC ACID-->1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide, ammonium salt-->Neomycin sulfate-->Isepamicine-->6-Bromonaphthalen-2-amine-->2-Amino-3,6,8-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid-->Ferric ammonium oxalate-->2,4-Dichlorobenzonitrile-->6-Chloropyridazin-3-amine-->AMMONIUM PHOSPHOMOLYBDATE-->5-methylquinolin-8-ol-->Direct Blue 199-->synthetic thickener KG-201-->Glufosinate-ammonium-->emulsifier SOPE-15-->L-glutamic acid monoammonium-->N,1,5-Trimethyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide ,97%-->4-Nitrobenzenesulfonamide-->Potassium gold(III) cyanide-->Doxycycline monohydrate-->1,5-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide ,97%-->N,1,3-Trimethyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide ,97%-->1,3-DIMETHYL-1H-PYRAZOLE-5-CARBOXAMIDE-->cytochrome C solution-->polyalumium sulfate chloride-->DL-Cystine-->2,6-DIMETHYL-3-HYDROXYPYRIDINE-->adhesive for electrostatic flocking EX-1-->Hydrofining catalyst FH-5-->aluminium oxide sol-->2,4,5-TRIMETHYL-3-OXAZOLINE |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [General Description]
A colorless aqueous solution. Concentration of ammonia ranges up to approximately 30%. Ammonia vapors (which arise from the solution) irritate the eyes. | [Reactivity Profile]
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE(1336-21-6) reacts exothermically with acids. Evolves toxic gaseous ammonia with strong bases. Reacts extremely violently with dimethyl sulfate [NFPA 491M 1991]. Reacts with aqueous silver nitrate sodium hydroxide to give a black precipitate of silver nitride. Such a precipitate can explode on stirring [MCA Case History 1554 1968]. Aqueous ammonia and Hg react to form an explosive solid, likely a fulminate. (Thodos, G. Amer. Inst. Chen. Engrs. J., 1964, 10, 274.). | [Air & Water Reactions]
Water soluble. Generates a small amount of heat when diluted with water. | [Health Hazard]
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. | [Potential Exposure]
It is used in detergents, stain removers,
bleaches, dyes, fibers, and resins. | [Fire Hazard]
Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. | [First aid]
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency
medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not
breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim
ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration
with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way
valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and
isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact
with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running
water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact,
avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim
warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion
or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that
medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved
and take precautions to protect themselves. Medical observation
is recommended for 24 to 48 hours after breathing
overexposure, as pulmonary edema may be delayed.
As first aid for pulmonary edema, a doctor or authorized
paramedic may consider administering a drug or other
inhalation therapy. | [Shipping]
UN2672 Ammonia solutions, relative density
between 0.880 and 0.957 at 15 C in water, with .10% but
not .35% ammonia, Hazard class: 8; Labels: 8-Corrosive
material. | [Incompatibilities]
Solution is strongly alkaline. Violent
reaction with strong oxidizers, acids (exothermic reaction
with strong mineral acids). Shock-sensitive compounds
may be formed with halogens, mercury oxide; silver oxide.
Fire and explosions may be caused by contact with β-propiolactone,
silver nitrate; ethyl alcoho; silver permanganate;
trimethylammonium amide; 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene,
o-chloronitrobenzene, platinum, trioxygen difluoride; selenium
difluoride dioxide; boron halides; mercury, chlorine,
iodine; bromine, hypochlorites, chlorine bleach; amides,
organic anhydrides; isocyanates, vinyl acetate; alkylene
oxides; epichlorohydrin; aldehydes. Attacks some coatings,
plastics and rubber. Attacks copper, brass, bronze, aluminum,
steel, zinc, and their alloys. | [Chemical Properties]
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE exists only in the form of an aqueous solution. The compound is prepared by dissolving NH3 in H2O and usually is referred to in industrial trade as aqua ammonia. For industrial procurements, the concentration of NH3 in solution is normally specified in terms of the specific gravity (degrees Baum′e, °Be). Common concentrations are 20 °Be and 26 °Be. The former is equivalent to a sp gr of 0.933, or a concentration of about 17.8% NH3 in solution; the latter is equivalent to a sp gr of 0.897, or a concentration of about 29.4% NH3. These figures apply at a temperature of 60 °F (15.6 °C). Reagent grade NH4OH usually contains approximately 58% NH4OH (from 28 to 30% NH3 in solution). | [Chemical Properties]
Ammonium Hydroxide is a colorless to milkywhite solution of ammonia, with a strong, irritating odor.Concentration of solutions range up to approximately 30% ammonia.
| [Waste Disposal]
Dilute with water, neutralize
with HCl and discharge to sewer. | [Definition]
Ammonium hydroxide,NH40H, is a hydrate of anunonia and exists in crystalline form at -79°C. Normally, it is only found in an aqueous solution also known as aquaanunonia and anunonia water. It is prepared by dissolving NH3 inH20. Reagent grade anunonium hydroxide contains from 28 to 30% NH3 at 15.6 °C. Industrial sales specify the concentration of NH3 in solution in terms of specific gravity. Common concentrations are 20 °Be, which would bea concentration of 17.8% NH3 (specific gravity 0.933) and 26 °Be (specific gravity 0.897), or a concentration of 29.4% NH3. Ammonium hydroxide is an excellent medium for the reaction of NH3 (which becomes the NH4 radical in solution) with other compounds for the preparation of anunonium salts and other nitrogen-containing chemicals. It is an ingredientin deodorants, etching compounds, and cleaning and bleaching materials. Ammoniumhydroxide, as aqua ammonia, finds wide use as a neutralizing agent,because it is inexpensive and strongly alkaline.
| [Hazard]
Liquid and vapor extremely irritating, especially to eyes. | [Flammability and Explosibility]
Ammonia vapor is slightly flammable (NFPA rating = 1) and ignites only with
difficulty. Ammonia forms explosive mixtures with air in the range 16 to 25%.
Water, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical extinguishers should be used for ammonia
fires. | [Agricultural Uses]
Ammonium hydroxide is also known as ammonia
solution, aqua ammonia, aqueous ammonia or
ammonia liquor. It is the solution of ammonia in water
and is commonly referred to as ammonium hydroxide. It
is the simplest nitrogen solution made by forcing
compressed ammonia (anhydrous ammonia) gas into
water. | [Agricultural Uses]
Aqua ammonia, also called aqueous ammonia, ammonia liquor and ammonium hydroxide is ammonia dissolved in water to form a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor. It is the simplest nitrogen solution made by forcing compressed NH3 (anhydrous ammonia) gas into water. It has a pressure of less than 0.7 kg/cm2 and is usually composed of 25 to 29.4% ammonia by weight (20 to 25 % nitrogen).
Ammonia dissolved in water is present principally as the ammonium ion (NH4+ )non-ionized molecular ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), sometimes referred to as an associated form of ammonium hydroxide, is also present. Hydrated molecules of ammonia (NH3) may also exist as NH3·H2O orNH3·2H2O.
Purified water is used for the reaction of ammonia and water in the production process. The methods for water purification are (a) a conventional sodium-form water-softening ion exchange resin, which replaces all cations present with sodium ions, (b) both hydrogenform cation resin and hydroxyl-form anion resin, resulting in total de-ionisation of water, or (c) reverse osmosis purification equipment which results in total deionization of water.
If water hardness is sufficiently low and/or if suitable filtration is available to remove the precipitate formed during the reaction of ammonia with water, the product can be manufactured without pre-treatment of water. For most water supplies, the precipitate is principally calcium carbonate.
During the reaction of ammonia with water, a large amount of heat is generated, which requires heat exchangers to control the temperature. The resulting aqua ammonia contains ammonium ions (NH4+), hydroxyl ions (OH-), and non-ionized ammonium hydroxide molecules (NH4OH).
The grade or strength of ammonium hydroxide available commercially is 26 degree Baume. The Baume reading refers to a specific gravity scale. A 26 degree Baume (Be) solution is equivalent to 29.4% by weight of ammonia dissolved in water. Since the Baume reading varies with temperature, the reading is standardized at minus 9.4℃. The density of the material compared to water is 0.8974. Ammonia products of 29.4% strength are also frequently described as 26° Be products, the freezing point of which is about minus 62.2℃.
An aqueous solution has a vapor pressure which varies with temperature. At ambient temperatures, the vapor pressure of 26°Be material equals atmospheric pressure. This permits the material to be shipped and stored in non-pressurized containers. This is the highest strength material generally available commercially.
Aqua ammonia should be stored in a closed container and kept cool, as otherwise the ammonia gas comes out of the solution and the strength reduces. The nitrogen concentration in aqua ammonia can be increased to 40 % by partial pressurization.
Aqua ammonia is corrosive to copper, copper alloys, aluminum alloys and galvanized surfaces. Aqua ammonia is an excellent acid neutralizer. Its pH varies with concentration; typical values of pH are 11.7 at 1 % , 12.2at5%, 12.4at 10% and 13.5at30%concentration.
Transport and delivery costs limit the production of aqua ammonia (NH3) to small, local, fluid fertilizer plants. Aqua ammonia is regularly available in concentrations of 19%, 25 % and 29%. These are used for direct soil application or as inputs to produce other liquid fertilizers. Ammonia volatilizes quickly at temperatures above 10°C; therefore, aqua ammonia is usually injected into soil to depths of 5 to 10 cm. It should not be used in calcareous soil.
| [Agricultural Uses]
The solution of ammonia in water is called ammonia
solution, commonly referred to as aqua ammonia. It is
also called aqueous ammonia, ammonia liquor or
ammonium hydroxide. It is the simplest nitrogen
solution made by forcing compressed NH3 (anhydrous
ammonia) gas into water. | [storage]
All work with this substance should be
conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and
impermeable gloves should be worn at all times to prevent eye and skin contact.
Containers should be tightly sealed to prevent escape of vapor and should be stored
in a cool area separate from halogens, acids, and oxidizers. Containers stored in
warm locations may build up dangerous internal pressures of ammonia gas. |
| Questions and Answers (Q&A) | Back Directory | [Description]
Ammonium hydroxide is a colorless, liquid solution with a characteristic and pungent odor. It is ammonia combined with water. Ammonia (NH3) is a compound consisting of nitrogen and hydrogen. Both ammonia and ammonium hydroxide are very common compounds, found naturally in the environment (in air, water, and soil) and in all plants and animals, including humans. Ammonia is a source of nitrogen, an essential element for plants and animals. Ammonia is also produced by the human body – by our organs and tissues and by beneficial bacteria living in our intestines.
Ammonia plays an important role in protein synthesis in the human body. In brief summary, all living things need proteins, which are comprised of some 20 different amino acids. While plants and microorganisms can synthesize most amino acids from the nitrogen in the atmosphere, animals cannot. For humans, some amino acids cannot be synthesized at all and must be consumed as intact amino acids. Other amino acids, however, can be synthesized by microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract with the help of ammonia ions. Thus, ammonia is a key player in the nitrogen cycle and in protein synthesis. Ammonia also helps maintain the body's pH balance.
| [Uses]
Ammonium hydroxide is utilized in numerous applications:
- Ammonium hydroxide is used as a cleaning agent and sanitizer in many household and industrial cleaners.
- Ammonium hydroxide is also used in the manufacture of products such as fertilizer, plastic, rayon and rubber.
- Aqueous ammonia is corrosive to aluminum alloys, copper, copper alloys, and galvanized surfaces.
- Aqueous ammonia is an excellent acid neutralizer.
- In furniture making, ammonium hydroxide is used to darken or stain wood containing tannic acid.
- In food production, ammonium hydroxide is used as a leavening agent or acidity regulator and is classified by the Food and Drug Administration as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Its pH control abilities make it an effective antimicrobial agent. Ammonium hydroxide is also used to treat straw, producing "ammoniated straw" that is edible for cattle.
- In the tobacco industry, ammonium hydroxide is used for flavor enhancement and as a processing aid.
- Aqueous ammonia is used in the laboratory most often as a complexant and base in inorganic analysis. It can dissolve silver residues, and when used with copper (II) solutions, provides a deep blue coloration.
| [Application]
Industry
Application
Role/benefit
Food processing
Baked goods, cheeses, chocolates, other confectionery (e.g., caramel), and puddings
Leavening agent, pH control agent and surface-finishing agent/safe and weakly alkaline
Meat products
Antimicrobial agent/ lowers the acidity of meet, making it difficult for pathogens to survive
Cleaning
Household and industrial cleansers
Cleansing ingredient/ helps to kill microbial agents like bacteria
Alkaline disinfectant
Main ingredient/disinfects sarin
Agriculture
Manufacture of fertilizers
Source of nitrogen
Chemical manufacture
Manufacture of alkyl amine
Precursor/source of amino
Cosmetics
Hair dyes and colors
pH adjusters/alkaline and safe
Chemical analysis
Determination of certain elements such as copper and nickel
Precipitant/ helps to precipitate various elements
Organic synthesis
Amide coupling reactions
Reagent/source of NH3
SNAr reactions
Nucleophile
Catalytic reduction of nitriles
Additive
Others
Wood staining
Stain agent/better for the wood containing tannic acids
Circuit board manufacturing
Etching agent/has high alkalinity which makes it very corrosive to certain metals
Tobacco processing
Processing aid/enhances tobacco flavor
Treatment of straw for cattle
Produce "ammoniated straw" which is more edible for cattle
Coagulation of natural rubber latex
pH adjusters/helps to stabilize the natural rubber lattices
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