GST-p62 is prepared from Escherichia coli and 0.5 μg of the purified GST-p62 protein is used for in vitro AMPK phosphorylation assay. Phosphorylation of p62 protein by AMPK is determined by non-radioisotope method using γS-ATP. AMPK complex is immuno-purified from the HEK293 cells, to which either myc-AMPKα1 wild-type (WT) or myc-AMPKα1 kinase-dead mutant (KD, D157A) is transfected with Flag-AMPKβ1 and HA-AMPKγ1. AMPK complex is added into the reaction mixture containing 20 mM HEPES, pH7.4, 1 mM EGTA, 0.4 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgCl₂, 0.05 mM DTT, 0.5 μg GST-p62, 0.2 mM AMP, and 1 mM ATPγS. Reaction is carried out at 37°C for 30 min, and then terminated by adding 20 mM EDTA. To detect γS-labeled p62 protein, the reaction product is alkylated with 2.5 mM PNBM for 2 h at room temperature and analyzed the products by western blotting using anti-thiophosphate antibody^[1].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Huh7 human hepatocytes are cultured in high glucose DMEM containing 10% FBS, 100 units/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin at 37°C in a 95% air/5% CO₂ atmosphere. Hepatocytes are treated with or without Ezetimibe (10 μM, 1 h) and incubated with palmitic acid (PA, 0.5 mM, 24 h)^[2].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Mice^[1]
Ten-week-old C57BL/6J male mice are used. These animals are randomly assigned to one of three groups (7-10 mice in each group): normal chow diet; MCD diet, vehicle-treated; or MCD diet, Ezetimibe -treated. The mice had free access to diet and water, with temperature maintained at 23±2°C, humidity of 60%±10%, and 12-h light/dark cycles. In the MCD diet with Ezetimibe group, Ezetimibe 10 mg/kg is given once daily by oral gavage for 4 weeks. The chow and MCD diet with vehicle groups received the same volume of phosphate buffered saline orally for 4 weeks. Body weight is measured once a week over the course of the treatment period. After 4 weeks, the mice are anesthetized and killed; blood is collected via heart puncture. Tissues are harvested and either snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at ?70°C or fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin.
Rats^[2]
Male OLETF (n=11) and age-matched LETO rats (n=3) are used, and experiments are conducted in a specific pathogen-free facility with a 12 h light/dark cycle. The OLETF rat is a model that represents late-onset hyperglycemia and exhibits a chronic disease course, mild obesity and clinical onset of diabetes mellitus. Animals have unrestricted access to water and food. At 12 wk of age, rats are randomized and treated with either PBS or Ezetimibe (10 mg/kg per day) via a stomach gavage for 20 wk. At the end of the study, the rats are fasted overnight and anesthetized with intraperitoneal Zoletil/Rompun. Blood is collected from the abdominal aorta, and liver tissues are dissected, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80°C until further analysis.

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

• [1]. Lee DH, et al. Ezetimibe, an NPC1L1 inhibitor, is a potent Nrf2 activator that protects mice from diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2016 Sep 12;99:520-532.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Chang E, et al. Ezetimibe improves hepatic steatosis in relation to autophagy in obese and diabetic rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Jul 7;21(25):7754-63.  [Content Brief]