Lymphocytes (1×10⁷/mL) are cultured with [³H]-oleic acid (2-5 μCi/mL, specific activity 10 Ci/mmol) for 20-24 h in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with Gentamicin (40 μg/mL), 10% heat inactivated foetal calf serum (FCS) at 37°C to label membrane phospholipids. Labelled cells are washed twice in HEPES buffered saline followed by a final wash in either HEPES buffered saline or 150 mM KCl medium containing HEPES 10 mM, pH 7.4, bovine serum albumin (BSA) 1 g/L and D-glucose 5 mM and CaCl₂ 1 mM. Three mL aliquots containing 1.1×10< sup>7/mL lymphocytes are warmed to 37°C and incubated with or without KN-62 or KN-04 (1 nM-500 nM) for 5 min, then 900 mL aliquots are added to 100 uL butanol (final concentration 30 mM) for a further 5 min, and stimulated with 1 mM ATP for 15 min with gentle mixing in the continued presence of inhibitor or diluent. The phospholipase D reaction is terminated by addition of 1 mL of 20 mM MgCl₂ followed by centrifugation and addition of 1 mL ice cold methanol. Membrane lipids are extracted into chloroform/HCl at 4°C under N₂, and separated by silica gel thin layer chromatography (t.l.c.) with the solvent system, ethyl acetate/iso-octane/acetic acid/water (13:2:3:10, v/v) under saturating conditions. Sample spots are located by autoradiography and [³H]-phosphatidylbutanol ([³H]-PBut) spots identified by an authentic standard. [³H]-PBut and [³H]-phospholipid spots are scraped into scintillant fluid (PPO in toluene, 4 g/L) and counted in a liquid scintillation counter. The quantity of [³H]-PBut is presented as a percentage of total ³H labelled-cellular phospholipids. Phospholipase D assays are performed in triplicate^[1].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

All experiments are performed using adherent HEK293 cells stably transfected with cDNA encoding the human P2X₇ receptor. Adherent cells on 12-well polylysine-coated plates are incubated at 37°C in 1 mL physiological salt solution (125 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl₂, 1.5 mM CaCl₂, 25 mM NaHEPES (pH 7.5), 10 mM D-glucose, 1 mg/mL BSA). Antagonists(e.g., KN-62) are added from 1,000× stock solutions dissolved in DMSO. Cells are preincubated with antagonists (e.g., KN-62) for 15 min prior to stimulation for 10 min with 3 mM ATP (final concentration). Reactions are terminated by rapid aspiration of the extracellular medium in each well. The adherent cells in each well are then extracted overnight with 1 mL 10% HNO₃. K⁺ content in these nitric acid extracts is assayed by atomic absorbance spectrophotometry. Duplicate or triplicate wells are run for all test conditions in each separate experiment^[4].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Mice^[3]
Female Swiss mice (45-55 days old, weighing 30-45 g) are used. The following drugs are used: ZnCl₂ (1 or 10 mg/kg), H-89 (1 μg/site, PKA inhibitor), KN-62 (1 μg/site, CAMKII inhibitor), chelerythrine (1 μg/site, PKC inhibitor), PD98059 (5 μg/site, MAPKK/MEK 1/2 inhibitor), U0126 (5 μg/site, MEK1/2 inhibitor), LY294002 (10 nmol/site, PI3K inhibitor), AR-A014418 (0.001 μg/site, selective GSK-3β inhibitor). ZnCl₂ is dissolved in distilled water and administered orally (p.o.). H-89, KN-62, chelerythrine, PD98059, U0126, LY294002, AR-A014418 are dissolved in saline (0.9% NaCl) at a final concentration of 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and administered by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route. The drugs are freshly prepared before treatment and administered in a volume of 10 mL/kg body weight (p.o. route) or 5 μL/site (i.c.v. route). Control animals receive the appropriate vehicle.

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

• [1]. Gargett CE, et al. The isoquinoline derivative KN-62 a potent antagonist of the P2Z-receptor of human lymphocytes. Br J Pharmacol. 1997 Apr;120(8):1483-90.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. H Hidaka, et al. Pharmacology of protein kinase inhibitors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1992;32:377-97.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Miso Park, et al. Involvement of the P2X7 receptor in the migration and metastasis of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: effects on small extracellular vesicles production. Sci Rep. 2019 Aug 12;9(1):11587.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Ravi RG, et al. Potent P2X7 Receptor Antagonists: Tyrosyl Derivatives Synthesized Using a Sequential Parallel Synthetic Approach. Drug Dev Res. 2001 Oct;54(2):75-87.  [Content Brief]

  [5]. Manosso LM, et al. Antidepressant-like effect of zinc is dependent on signaling pathways implicated in BDNF modulation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Jun 3;59:59-67.  [Content Brief]