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In vitro transcription of capped mRNA with modified nucleotides and Poly(A) tail
TSA (Tyramide Signal Amplification), used for signal amplification of ISH, IHC and IC etc.
Separation of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated proteins without phospho-specific antibody
A convenient and sensitive way for cell proliferation assay and cytotoxicity assay
Protect the integrity of proteins from multiple proteases and phosphatases for different applications.
Gliotoxin is an immunosuppressive agent which synthesized by Aspergillusfumigatus and other pathogenic fungi, inhibiting chymotrypsin-like activity of 20S proteasome.[1]Gliotoxin shows an activity in inhibition of farnesyltransferase with IC50 value for 80 μM and geranyltransferaseI with IC50 value of 17 μM, which is stimulated interest in the potential antitumor activity of this epidithiodioxopiperazine. Also, with mean ± SD IC50 289 ± 328 μM, gliotoxin will inhibit proliferation of six breast cancer cell. And gliotoxinin ihibites intracellular farnesylation of LaminB and geranylgeranylation of Rap1 A following a dose-dependent manner. [2]A randomized controlled study, which operated in the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea rat mammary carcinoma model, when 10 animals at 10 mg/kg were administered by subcutaneous injection weekly for 4 wk compared with 10 controls, supporting gliotoxin has antitumor activity apparently in vitro and little toxicity. The single doses can be well tolerated up to 25 mg/kg. [2].The deficiency of the A. fumigatus mutant in gliotoxin-production resulted in less internalization of A. fumigatus conidia into the A549 cells compared with the wild type strain but an increase of phagocytosis by J774 macrophages., Gliotoxin showed to promote A. fumigatus internalization into A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner but inhibit the macrophage phagocytosis when at the concentrations of 10 to 50 ng/ml which are not cytotoxic to the A549 cells. In addition, gliotoxin is able to stimulate the PLD activity of A549 lung epithelial cells. It is efficient for promoting the internalization of A. fumigatus into the cells by this way. Gliotoxin also blocked the production of ROS in A549 epithelial cells significantly at a concentration range from 10 to 100 ng/ml [3].References: 1.Pahl HL, Krauss B, Schulze-Osthoff K, et al. The immunosuppressive fungal metabolite gliotoxin specifically inhibits transcription factor NF-kappaB. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1996 , 183(4):1829-1840.2.Vigushin DM, Mirsaidi N, Brooke G, et al. Gliotoxin is a dual inhibitor of farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase I with antitumor activity against breast cancer in vivo. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY, 2004, 21(1):21-30.3.Jia XD, Chen FY, Pan WH, et al. Gliotoxin promotes Aspergillus fumigatus internalization into type II human pneumocyte A549 cells by inducing host phospholipase D activation. Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur, 2014, 16(6):491-501.
Cell lines
breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells)
Preparation method
The solubility of this compound in DMSO is >10mM. General tips for obtaining a higher concentration: Please warm the tube at 37℃ for 10 minutes and/or shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while. Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.
Reacting condition
1 nM to 10 μM
Applications
Gliotoxin inhibited proliferation of six breast cancer cell lines in culture and protein prenylation over the same range of concentrations. Treatment with gliotoxin for 24 h led to a clear dose-dependent inhibition of Lamin B farnesylation and Rap1A geranylgeranylation in breast cancer cell lines. Taken together these findings indicated that the observed antitumor activity of gliotoxin in breast cancer cell lines was most likely due to prenyltransferase inhibition.
Animal models
Inbred virgin female (Ludwig/Wistar/Olac) rats bearing tumors induced with N-methyl-Nnitrosourea (NMU)
Dosage form
from 1.25 to 25 mg/kg ; subcutaneous injection; weekly for 4 wk.
Application
In all rats, all five gliotoxin-treated rats completing the study responded to treatment, three of which had >50% tumor regression (partial response) and two others with stable disease (
Other notes
Please test the solubility of all compounds indoor, and the actual solubility may slightly differ with the theoretical value. This is caused by an experimental system error and it is normal.
References:
[1]. Vigushin DM, Mirsaidi N, Brooke G., et al. Gliotoxin is a dual inhibitor of farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase I with antitumor activity against breast cancer in vivo. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY, 2004, 21(1):21-30.
