(R)-(-)-Apomorphine hydrochloride is a non-selective dopamine receptor agonist that exhibits pKi values of 6.43, 7.08, 7.59, 8.36, and 7.83 for human recombinant D1, D2L, D3, D4, and D5 receptors, respectively[1,2].?

It produces biphasic effects on locomotor activity and displays anti-parkinsonian and neuroprotective actions[1,3,4].?

References:

[1]. Millan M.J, Maiofiss L, Cussac D, et al. Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. I. A multivariate analysis of the binding profiles of 14 drugs at 21 native and cloned human receptor subtypes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther, 2002, 303(2): 791-804 .

[2]. Seeman P, Grigoriadis D.E, and Niznik H.B. Selectivity of agonists and antagonists at D2 dopamine receptos compared to D1 and S2 receptors. Drug Development Research, 1986, 9: 63-69.

[3]. Newman-Tancredi A, Cussac D, Audinot V, et al. Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. II. Agonist and antagonist properties at subtypes of dopamine D2-like receptor and α1/α2-adrenoceptor. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2002, 303(2): 805-814 .

[4]. Schechter M.D, Rosecrans J.A, and Glennon R.A. Comparison of behavioral effects of cathinone, amphetamine and apomorphine. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 1984,20(2): 181-184 .