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[ CAS No. 3238-40-2 ] {[proInfo.proName]}

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Chemical Structure| 3238-40-2
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Product Citations

Product Citations      Expand+

Piao, Guangxia ; Yoon, Sun Hee ; Cha, Hyun Gil , et al. DOI:

Abstract: The electrocatalytic hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) is an alternative to conventional heterogeneous catalysis with H2 at high temperatures and pressures. Although Ag is the most representative electrocatalyst, it works only under limited conditions. This study synthesizes highly porous dendritic Bi, Sn, and BiSn electrocatalysts using an in situ generated hydrogen bubble template. Density functional theory computations on the adsorption energy and elementary hydrogenation reaction steps of HMF predict the superiority of Bi to Sn and the intermediate behavior of BiSn between Bi and Sn. The dendritic BiSn catalyst generates a current density of ～144 mA cm?2 at a faradaic efficiency (FE) of ～100% for BHMF production at pH ～ 7 (corresponding to the BHMF production rate of ～2.7 mmol h?1 cm?2) in prolonged electrolysis. Considering the material cost (

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Hofmann, Mateus A. ; Shahid, Abu T. ; Garrido, Mario , et al. DOI:

Abstract: Reducing the dependency from petroleum-based monomers and crosslinkers is an increasingly important goal for the plastics industry. This is being enabled by the growing diversity and availability of alternative biobased products derived from renewable resources, some of which are compatible with the production of more sustainable resins for high-performance applications. This paper presents the development of unsaturated polyesters (UPs) and their crosslinked resins (UPRs) based on 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and other biobased building blocks. The original features of these UPs are derived from (i) the use of FDCA as an aromatic monomer replacing phthalic anhydride, (ii) the introduction of a FDCA-isosorbide (ISO) block into the polyester backbone with the presence of unsaturations provided by biobased fumaric acid, (iii) the use of ISO and 1,3-propanediol instead of ethylene glycol and 1,2 propylene glycol, and (iv) the reduction of styrene content using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. The developed UPRs have a similar thermal and mech. behavior to the petrochem. ones, presenting glass transition temperatures up to 102°C, tensile modulus and strength up to 3.9 GPa and 63.3 MPa, resp., and viscosity between 800 and 1250 cP, making these resins greener alternatives to fully petroleum-derived UPRs for high-performance applications.

Keywords: unsaturated polyester resin ; biobased polyester ; sustainable polymer ; 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid ; isosorbide ; 1,3-propanediol ; 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate ; fumaric acid

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Christopher A. DeRosa ; Xiang Qi Kua ; Frank S. Bates , et al. DOI:

Abstract: We present the synthesis and characterization of polymers containing 1,3-butanediol, also known as butylene glycol. Butylene glycol (BG) can be prepared from petroleum or sugar-based feedstocks. Petrol-based BG (petrol-BG) is isolated as a racemic mixture, whereas the biobased BG from sugar that we utilized (bio-BG) is enantiopure upon purification (>99.7%). In the presence of a titanium catalyst, polyesters were prepared by transesterification polymerization between petrol- or bio-BG and various aliphatic and aromatic diacid derivatives. Polymers were analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The synthesized polyesters were statistical in nature, according to 13C NMR spectroscopy, a result of the asymmetric nature of the BG-starting material. As a result, many of the polyesters were amorphous in nature with low thermal glass transitions (Tg) and no melting points (Tm). In many of the polyester derivatives, the racemic petrol-based and enantiopure biobased BG polymers were nearly identical in thermal performance. Differences arose in semicrystalline polyesters with long, aliphatic backbones (e.g., 1,14-tetradecanediocic acid; C14 diacid) or regioregular 4-hydroxybenzoate polyesters. This suggests the polymer microstructure (statistical versus sequenced) and the optical activity (racemic versus enantiopure) are important determinates in establishing the structure–property relationships in BG-containing polyesters. This work establishes synthetic protocols and the foundation for materials based on BG-containing polymers.

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Product Details of [ 3238-40-2 ]

CAS No. :3238-40-2 MDL No. :MFCD00016582
Formula : C6H4O5 Boiling Point : No data available
Linear Structure Formula :C4H2O(COOH)2 InChI Key :CHTHALBTIRVDBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
M.W : 156.09 Pubchem ID :76720
Synonyms :
Chemical Name :Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid

Calculated chemistry of [ 3238-40-2 ]      Expand+

Physicochemical Properties

Num. heavy atoms : 11
Num. arom. heavy atoms : 5
Fraction Csp3 : 0.0
Num. rotatable bonds : 2
Num. H-bond acceptors : 5.0
Num. H-bond donors : 2.0
Molar Refractivity : 32.63
TPSA : 87.74 ?2

Pharmacokinetics

GI absorption : High
BBB permeant : No
P-gp substrate : No
CYP1A2 inhibitor : No
CYP2C19 inhibitor : No
CYP2C9 inhibitor : No
CYP2D6 inhibitor : No
CYP3A4 inhibitor : No
Log Kp (skin permeation) : -6.75 cm/s

Lipophilicity

Log Po/w (iLOGP) : 0.42
Log Po/w (XLOGP3) : 0.71
Log Po/w (WLOGP) : 0.68
Log Po/w (MLOGP) : -0.67
Log Po/w (SILICOS-IT) : 0.06
Consensus Log Po/w : 0.24

Druglikeness

Lipinski : 0.0
Ghose : None
Veber : 0.0
Egan : 0.0
Muegge : 1.0
Bioavailability Score : 0.56

Water Solubility

Log S (ESOL) : -1.46
Solubility : 5.42 mg/ml ; 0.0347 mol/l
Class : Very soluble
Log S (Ali) : -2.13
Solubility : 1.16 mg/ml ; 0.0074 mol/l
Class : Soluble
Log S (SILICOS-IT) : -0.34
Solubility : 70.7 mg/ml ; 0.453 mol/l
Class : Soluble

Medicinal Chemistry

PAINS : 0.0 alert
Brenk : 0.0 alert
Leadlikeness : 1.0
Synthetic accessibility : 2.32

Safety of [ 3238-40-2 ]

Signal Word:Warning Class:
Precautionary Statements:P261-P305+P351+P338 UN#:
Hazard Statements:H315-H319-H335 Packing Group:
GHS Pictogram:

Application In Synthesis of [ 3238-40-2 ]

* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.

  • Downstream synthetic route of [ 3238-40-2 ]

[ 3238-40-2 ] Synthesis Path-Downstream   1~10

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YieldReaction ConditionsOperation in experiment
With oxygen; sodium carbonate; In water; at 95℃; for 7h; Catalytic Reaction Of HMF To FDCA For this reaction, Na2C03 was used as the base. 1 g of extracted HMF was first dissolved in 5 g of water. The Na2C03 was separately prepared by dissolving Na2C03 in water. The oxidation catalyst was then added follow by the HMF solution at ambient room temperature. With oxygen gas bubbling, the solution was first heated to 50C for 2 hours, and HMF was fully converted to HFCA. After that, the reaction was heat to 95C and kept for 7 hour. The pH of the aqueous solution was then adjusted to 1 and FDCA was precipitated from the solution. The precipitate was filtered and washed with ethanol.
With Ru/Pt on active carbon; oxygen; In water; at 90℃; under 1034.32 Torr; for 20h;Alkaline conditions; This examples shows the oxidation of the FDCA precursor (here FFCA) into FDCA. A series of reactions were prepared as shown in the following Table. All reactions contained 100 mM of commercial FFCA. The reactions were performed in screw capped vials under air (in all reactions with H2O2 and controls runs 11-13) or under oxygen at about 20 psi. All reactions were incubated for 20 h before samples were analyzed by TLC for product formation. All reactions conversions described in the Table above are based on TLC analysis. For example, >90% indicates the result of TLC analysis where FDCA was detected as the only product. ?About? 50% indicates that FFCA and FDCA spots with similar intensity were observed.
With oxygen; cobalt(II) acetate; manganese(II) acetate; acetic acid; sodium bromide; at 180℃; under 42133 Torr; for 1h; 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid (2.5 g), acetic acid (30 ml), cobalt acetate (0.083 g), sodium bromide (0.07 1 g), and manganese acetate (0.084 g) are mixed in a batch reactor and placed under an excess of oxygen at 800 psig with vigorous mixing for 1 hour at 180 C. LC analysis of the total reaction mixture shows conversion of 5-hydroxym- ethyl-2-furoic acid to thrandicarboxylic acid.
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YieldReaction ConditionsOperation in experiment
86%; 6.6%; 7.3% With bis-acetylacetonyl vanadium (II); In aq. phosphate buffer; at 37 - 80℃; for 16.0833h;pH 7; HMF (100 mM) was added to KPi buffer (500 mM pH 7.0). GOase M35 (103p1 of3.3mg/mL), PaoABC (ipI of 28.9mg/mL) and a metal complex (see Table 4) were added at 37 00 and the pH was continuously adjusted with NaHCO3 for a period of 16 hours. The reaction was heated to 80 00 for 5 minutes and left to cool. The solution containing denatured protein was centrifuged and the supernatant removed and analysed by RP20 HPLC.
With platinum on carbon; water-d2; oxygen; at 100℃; under 75007.5 Torr; for 4h;Autoclave; l-b Catalyst screening experiments: Catalyst screening was carried out in a series of single experiments designated "Screen 1 " to "Screen 7". In each single experiment "Screen 1 " to "Screen 7" the organic reactant compound HMF (compound of Formula (II)) was in parts catalytically converted by means of at least one heterogeneous platinum catalyst (see Tables 1 and 2, below) into FDCA (compound of formula (I)). The general experimental procedure for each screening experiment of "Screen 1 " to "Screen 7" was as follows: In a first step, an aqueous reactant mixture was prepared by filling a specific amount of deuterated water (D20, 99,9 atom%, Sigma Aldrich (151882)) and a specific amount of HMF (99+%, Sigma Aldrich (W501808)) into a steel autoclave reactor (inner volume 60 ml or 90 ml, respectively, for exact information see Table 2, below). In case a steel autoclave reactor with an inner volume of 60 ml was used the amounts of HMF and D20 were as follows: D20: 18,0 g, HMF: 2,0 g (corresponding to 15,9 mmol as starting amount of HMF). In case a steel autoclave reactor with an inner volume of 90 ml was used the amounts of HMF and D20 were as follows: D20: 27,0 g, HMF: 3,0 g (corresponding to 23,8 mmol as starting amount of HMF). The starting concentration C0[HMF] of HMF in each aqueous reactant mixture was 10 % by weight, based on the total mass of the aqueous reactant mixture (total mass of deuterated water and HMF). The respective amount of solid heterogeneous catalyst as stated in Table 2 was added to the respective aqueous reactant mixture and, thus, a reaction mixture comprising deuterated water, HMF, and the heterogeneous catalyst was obtained. After adding the specific amount of heterogeneous catalyst the obtained reaction mixture appeared as a deep black slurry, the black color apparently caused by the black solid particles of the heterogeneous catalyst. The molar ratio of substrate to metal of the heterogeneous catalyst (HMF : Pt) was approximately 100 : 1. In a second step, the filled reactor was tightly sealed and pressurized with synthetic air (total pressure 100 bar, Oxygen (as part of the synthetic air) : HMF ratio is approximately 2,25 : 1 ) to obtain conditions for catalytic conversion. The present reaction mixture was heated to a temperature of 100C while stirring at 2000 rpm. After reaching 100C this temperature was maintained for 4 or 20 hours, respectively, (see Table 2 "Reaction time" for exact information) while continuing stirring the heated and pressurized reaction mixture during the reaction time. As a result, a first product suspension comprising FDCA in solid form and the heterogeneous catalyst in solid form was formed.
With sodium carbonate; at 100℃; under 30003 Torr; for 0.33h;pH 9.10; Experimental Conditions The HMF having 95% purity was supplied by Interchim. The method of the invention was implemented in a discontinuous reactor under pressure in a 300 mL autoclave equipped with magnetically driven gas-inducing agitator. Heating was ensured by a heating collar connected to a PID controller (proportional integral derivative). A sampling gate allowed the taking of a sample from the reaction medium via an immersed tube, allowing the monitoring of the progress of the reaction over time. The samples were analysed by HPLC chromatography with two RID detectors (Refractive Index Detector) and PDA (Photodiode array) (ICE-Coragel 107H column, eluting with 10 mM H2SO4). Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in solution was also analysed using a TOC analyser and the value measured was compared with the mass balance (MB) calculated by HPLC. The reactor was charged with 150 mL of 100 mM aqueous HMF solution (2 g), a weight of catalyst corresponding to a HMF/Pt molar ratio of 100, and the desired amount of base in the form of NaOH (comparative example), NaHCO3, KHCO3, Na2CO3 or K2CO3 expressed as base/HMF molar ratio. Air was added at a pressure of 40 bar and the reactor heated to 100 C. The influence of the Bi/Pt ratio was also examined in the presence of Na2CO3 (Na2CO3/HMF=2). The same trend was observed when comparing a series of bimetallic catalysts having molar ratios varying between 0.07 and 1. The results are grouped together in Tables 11 to 15.
With nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; In aq. phosphate buffer; at 37℃; for 2h;pH 7;Enzymatic reaction; Reaction Conditions: HMF (10mM), KRED (089) (7.5mg), 0.SmL KPi Buffer (pH x), and NOX-1 and NADP as defined in Table 7B were reacted at 37C for 2 hours. A sample was quenched with 1 M HCI, centrifuged and analysed by RP-HPLC. The results from thereaction can be seen in Table 7B.Using lOmol% of NADP (relative to the amount of HMF used) and 5mg NOX-1 provided the highest conversion of HMF to 2,5-FDCA. Reducing the amount of NADP and NOX-1 lead to a lower conversion of HMF to HMFCA.
With nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; In aq. phosphate buffer; at 37℃; for 2h;pH 7;Enzymatic reaction; Reaction Conditions: HMF (10mM), KRED (089) (7.5mg), 0.SmL KPi Buffer (pH x), and NOX-1 and NADP as defined in Table 7B were reacted at 37C for 2 hours. A sample was quenched with 1 M HCI, centrifuged and analysed by RP-HPLC. The results from thereaction can be seen in Table 7B.Using lOmol% of NADP (relative to the amount of HMF used) and 5mg NOX-1 provided the highest conversion of HMF to 2,5-FDCA. Reducing the amount of NADP and NOX-1 lead to a lower conversion of HMF to HMFCA.
With nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; In aq. phosphate buffer; at 37℃; for 2h;pH 7;Enzymatic reaction; Reaction Conditions: HMF (10mM), KRED (089) (7.5mg), 0.SmL KPi Buffer (pH x), and NOX-1 and NADP as defined in Table 7B were reacted at 37C for 2 hours. A sample was quenched with 1 M HCI, centrifuged and analysed by RP-HPLC. The results from thereaction can be seen in Table 7B.Using lOmol% of NADP (relative to the amount of HMF used) and 5mg NOX-1 provided the highest conversion of HMF to 2,5-FDCA. Reducing the amount of NADP and NOX-1 lead to a lower conversion of HMF to HMFCA.
7.67%Chromat.; 18.1%Chromat.; 73.67%Chromat. With platinum on activated charcoal; sodium hydroxide; In 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one; water; at 80℃; under 16501.7 Torr; for 0.5h;Flow reactor; 1.) NMP/NaOH/Pt-C/air/22bar/90Ci) Oxidation 1 - inNMP, Pt-c, 17 bar and 80C, NaOHThe starting solution A is prepared by dissolving 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (99%) in 95gNMP (99,5%, Sigma Aldrich) and 5g deionized water. The starting solution B is a 15%NaOH solution, prepared from 150.41 g NaOH and 850.1 8g deionized water.In a continuous flow plant, solution A and solution B are contacted in a 1/16? t-piece. The flow rate for solution A is 0.08 ml/min, and for solution B 0.06 ml/min. The mixture obtained is directly contacted with 125 ml/min air flow, before the mixture enters the actual reactor. In this case the reactor was a trickle bed reactor using platinum on activated carbon as catalyst. The double jacketed reactor is heated to 80C and provides a residence time of 30 minutes for the given flow rates. The whole system is pressurized to 22 bar with a pressure maintaining valve.The reaction mixture obtained in this step contains no HMF. The oxidation product mixture contains, according to HPLC analysis, FDCA: 73.67%, HMFCA: 18.10%, FFCA: 7.67%, DFF: 0.41% and 0.15% unknown oxidation products. Additionally, a small amount of dark, solid material is yielded using this procedure, leading to a reduced lifetime cycle of the catalyst fixed bed.ii.) Extraction with ethyl acetateThe reaction mixture (20.4m1) collected from the first oxidation step was extracted six times using 20 ml ethyl acetate per cycle to remove NMP. The HPLC chromatogram showed noloss of the acids in the aqueous phase after this procedure. The DFF was transferred completely to the organic phase.

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YieldReaction ConditionsOperation in experiment
89%; 5% With sodium hydroxide; In water; at 30℃; under 7500.75 Torr; for 4h; The Au / Mg (OH)2(1 wt%) catalyst, 2 mmol of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, NaOH and 10 mL of water were charged into a stainless steel autoclave equipped with a polytetrafluoroethylene liner containing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: NaOH = 0.01: 1 : 4 (mol: mol: mol).Using automatic temperature control program temperature to the reaction temperature of 30 C, adding 1MPa oxygen, reaction for 4 hours, the reaction process to maintain the same pressure.The reaction product was analyzed by HPLC.
76%; 12% With oxygen; potassium hydroxide; In water; at 60℃; under 2250.23 Torr; for 6h;Autoclave; Green chemistry; Take 0.317 grams of HMF, 2.8 grams of Kappa0Eta (20%), 3 ml of water into the reactor, the reaction vessel containing 10 ml of poly Tetrafluoroethylene-lined high-pressure reactor, take 0.30 g Au / HY (Au2wt%) as a catalyst, the program heated to 60 C, filling 0.3MPa oxygen, the reaction 6 hours, the reaction process continue to add oxygen to ensure that the reaction at constant temperature and constant pressure. reaction product After centrifugation, go to the supernatant and analyze with HPLC. The HMF conversion was 100%, the yield of HMFA was 76% FDA yield of 12%, the reaction results in Table 1.
26%; 73% With vanadium(V) oxide; In aq. phosphate buffer; at 37 - 80℃; for 16.0833h;pH 7; HMF (100 mM) was added to KPi buffer (500 mM pH 7.0). GOase M35 (103p1 of3.3mg/mL), PaoABC (ipI of 28.9mg/mL) and a metal complex (see Table 4) were added at 37 00 and the pH was continuously adjusted with NaHCO3 for a period of 16 hours. The reaction was heated to 80 00 for 5 minutes and left to cool. The solution containing denatured protein was centrifuged and the supernatant removed and analysed by RP20 HPLC.
60%; 33% With bis-acetylacetonyl vanadium (II); In aq. phosphate buffer; at 37 - 80℃; for 16.0833h;pH 7; HMF (100 mM) was added to KPi buffer (500 mM pH 7.0). GOase M35 (103p1 of3.3mg/mL), PaoABC (ipI of 28.9mg/mL) and a metal complex (see Table 4) were added at 37 00 and the pH was continuously adjusted with NaHCO3 for a period of 16 hours. The reaction was heated to 80 00 for 5 minutes and left to cool. The solution containing denatured protein was centrifuged and the supernatant removed and analysed by RP20 HPLC.
59.4%; 40.6% With oxygen; sodium hydroxide; In water; at 24.84℃; for 6h; The HMF oxidation reaction was carried out in a three-neck flask with an attached glass reflux condenser under oxygen flow (Figure 2). In each experiment, the reactor was filled with 1.0mmol of HMF and 5.0mmol of NaOH in 10mL of water. Then, 0.1 g of M/RGO (M = Pd, Rh, Ru, or Pt) was added to the reactor, and oxygen was introduced at a flow rate of 50mL min-1 with stirring under atmosphere pressure. After reaction, the catalyst was filtered off before the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurement (AnimexHPX-87H column from Bio-Rad Laboratories Co., Ltd., 0.5mL min-1 flow rate, 10nM H2SO4 solvent, 323 K). The products were analyzed using a refractive index (RI) detector.
39%; 45% With oxygen; sodium hydroxide; In water; at 60℃; under 2250.23 Torr; for 6h;Autoclave; Green chemistry; Take 0.317 grams of HMF, 2 grams of NaOH (20%), 3 ml of water into the reactor, the reaction vessel was equipped with a 10 ml polytetrafluoroethylene lined high pressure reactor, 0.30 g Au / H x Na 1-x Y (Au 2 wt%) as a catalyst, after the program is warmed to 60 C, filled with 0.3MPa oxygen, reaction for 6 hours, during the reaction, oxygen is continuously added, ensure that the reaction is carried out at constant temperature and pressure. The reaction product was centrifuged to the supernatant, analytical using HPLC. after testing, HMF conversion rate of raw materials is 100% HMFA yield of 39%, FDA yield of 45%, the reaction results in Table 1.
With oxygen; sodium hydroxide; In water; at 60℃; under 7500.75 Torr; for 4h;Autoclave; The oxidation of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) was carriedout using an autoclave (Parr Instruments) reactor of 300 mLcapacity and equipped with a mechanical stirrer (0-1200 rpm) andprovision for measurement of temperature and pressure. The reactorwas charged with an aqueous solution (25 mL distilled water)containing the appropriate amount of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural,base (NaOH) and catalyst (HMF/metal molar ratio = 100). The autoclavewas purged 3 times with O2 (5 bar) and then pressurized at10 bar. If not differently indicated, the temperature was increasedto 60 C and the reaction mixture was stirred at ca. 1000 rpm for4 h. At the end of the reaction, the reactor was cooled to room temperatureand the solution was filtered. Then, 4 mL of water wasadded to an aliquot of the reaction solution (1 mL) before analysiswith an Agilent Infinity 1200 liquid chromatograph equippedwith a Aminex HPX 87-H 300 mm×7.8 mm column using a0.005 M H2SO4 solution as the mobile phase. Identification of compoundswas achieved by calibration using reference commercialsamples.
86.39%Chromat.; 9.2%Chromat. With disodium hydrogenphosphate; copper oxides/alumina; at 90℃; under 13501.4 Torr; for 0.166667h; i) Oxidation 1 - inNMP, Pt-C, 17 bar and 80C, Na2HPO4The process was carried out in a comparable, scaled up continouos lab-plant setup as used inthe examples above. Starting solution A was prepared by mixing 65.6g HMF and 400.OgNMP; solution B was a 15% solution of sodium phosphate, prepared by mixing 150.OgNa2HPO4 and 850.Og of deionized water.The flow rates used in this trial were 2.86m1/min solution A, 2.14m1/min solution B and 250.Onml/min for air. Further processing parameters were 10 minutes residence time at 90C and 18 bar. The catalyst used was copper oxide on aluminium oxide.The oxidation product mixture obtained from this trial contains, according to HPLC analysis, FDCA: 9.20%, HMFCA: 86.39%, FFCA: 0.13%, DFF: 0.36% and 2.82% of HMF. About 1% are unidentified side products.ii.) Extraction with ethyl acetateNMP extraction was carried out with ethylacetate. 50m1 reaction mixture was extracted six times with 40m1 ethyl acetate in each cycle.FDCA, HMFCA and FFCA remained completely in the water phase. Also a small amount of HMF was found in the water phase (0.5% according to HPLC). DFF completely went into the organic phase and was discarded.
21%Chromat.; 74%Chromat. With oxygen; sodium hydrogencarbonate; In water; under 7500.75 Torr;Autoclave; Heating; HMF (0.2 mmol), NaHCO3 (0.4 mmol), and the catalyst (25 mg) were added to a 12 mL stainless steel autoclave containing 8 mL of deionized water. The autoclave was heated to 80 C and pressurized with O2 (10 bar) under vigorous stirring (900 rpm). During the reaction, 0.1 mL sample was taken at regular intervals of about 0.5-1 hours, filtered with 0.2 mum PTFE filters, diluted with water and analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatograph (Shimadzu LC-20AD equipped a Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87H column). Sulfuric acid (5 mM) at 333 Kwith a flow rate of 0.55 mL min-1 was used as an eluent. Each catalyst was tested at least twice to verify the reproducibility. The reproducibility of conversion levels and yields were within 5%.

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  • [ 3238-40-2 ]
YieldReaction ConditionsOperation in experiment
With dihydrogen peroxide; In water; at 25℃; under 760.051 Torr; for 24h;Green chemistry; The catalytic activity performance of the metal Salen complexessupported on SBA-15 (Co/SBA-15, Fe/SBA-15 and Cu Salen/SBA-15) inthe oxidation of HMF were evaluated. The HMF oxidation reaction wascarried out in an aqueous system at neutral pH (the pH was not adjusted)using H2O2 as oxidant agent. The reaction was performed undermild conditions (aqueous media, neutral pH, atmospheric temperatureand pressure). The system consisted of a 125 mL round-bottom flaskwith a refrigerant column to avoid the HMF volatilization. All testswere performed with an initial substrate HMF 0.4 mM [8], 50 mL reactionvolume, H2O2 30 w/Vpercent (100 muL) as oxidant agent and using0.05 g of catalyst. Aliquots of 500 muL were taken during 24 h, fromwhich 75 muL were injected in the chromatograph for their analysis. Thesamples were taken in short periods of time at the early minutes of thereaction, and in a longer period as the reaction advanced in order tohave enough information for the kinetic study. The reaction mixturewas stirred at a constant 500 rpm. Tests were done at low temperatures25, 30 and 40 °C to know how the temperature affects the reaction.Although the catalyst can be used at higher moderate temperatures,40 °C level was selected as the maximum temperature to avoid H2O2degradation. Temperature levels were recorded with thermocouplespreviously connected to a temperature monitoring program using theLabview System Design Software.
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