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[ CAS No. 198904-31-3 ] {[proInfo.proName]}

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Chemical Structure| 198904-31-3
Chemical Structure| 198904-31-3
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Elgammal, Yehia ; Salama, Ehab A. ; Seleem, Mohamed N. DOI: PubMed ID:

Abstract: The increasing incidence and dissemination of multidrug-resistant Candida auris represents a serious global threat. The emergence of pan-resistant C. auris exhibiting resistance to all three classes of antifungals magnifies the need for novel therapeutic interventions. We identified that two HIV protease inhibitors, atazanavir and saquinavir, in combination with posaconazole exhibited potent activity against C. auris in vitro and in vivo. Both atazanavir and saquinavir exhibited a remarkable synergistic activity with posaconazole against all tested C. auris isolates and other medically important Candida species. In a time-kill assay, both drugs restored the fungistatic activity of posaconazole, resulting in reduction of 5 and 5.6 log10, resp. Furthermore, in contrast to the individual drugs, the two combinations effectively inhibited the biofilm formation of C. auris by 66.2 and 81.2%, resp. Finally, the efficacy of the two combinations were tested in a mouse model of C. auris infection. The atazanavir/posaconazole and saquinavir/posaconazole combinations significantly reduced the C. auris burden in mice kidneys by 2.04- (99.1%) and 1.44-log10 (96.4%) colony forming unit, resp. Altogether, these results suggest that the combination of posaconazole with the HIV protease inhibitors warrants further investigation as a new therapeutic regimen for the treatment of C. auris infections.

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Nour M. Alkashef ; Mohamed N. Seleem ; DOI: PubMed ID:

Abstract: Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection that is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, particularly among individuals with compromised immune systems, such as HIV patients. Amphotericin B (AmB) is the first-line treatment mainly combined with flucytosine. The scarcity and the prohibitive cost of this regimen urge the use of fluconazole as an alternative, leading to increased rates of treatment failure and relapses. Therefore, there is a critical need for efficient and cost-effective therapy to enhance the efficacy of AmB. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of the HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) to synergize the activity of AmB in the treatment of cryptococcosis. Five PIs (ritonavir, atazanavir, saquinavir, lopinavir, and nelfinavir) were found to synergistically potentiate the killing activity of AmB against Cryptococcus strains with ?FICI ranging between 0.09 and 0.5 against 20 clinical isolates. This synergistic activity was further confirmed in a time-kill assay, where different AmB/PIs combinations exhibited fungicidal activity within 24 hrs. Additionally, PIs in combination with AmB exhibited an extended post-antifungal effect on treated cryptococcal cells for approximately 10 hrs compared to 4 hours with AmB alone. This promising activity against cryptococcal cells did not exhibit increased cytotoxicity towards treated kidney cells, ruling out the risk of drug combination-induced nephrotoxicity. Finally, we evaluated the efficacy of AmB/PIs combinations in the Caenorhabditis elegans model of cryptococcosis, where these combinations significantly reduced the fungal burden of the treated nematodes by approximately 2.44 Log10 CFU (92.4%) compared to the untreated worms and 1.40 Log10 ((39.4%) compared to AmB alone. The cost-effectiveness and accessibility of PIs in resource-limited geographical areas compared to other antifungal agents, such as flucytosine, make them an appealing choice for combination therapy.

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Frauke Assmus ; Jean-Sélim Driouich ; Rana Abdelnabi , et al. DOI: PubMed ID:

Abstract: In the absence of drugs to treat or prevent COVID-19, drug repurposing can be a valuable strategy. Despite a substantial number of clinical trials, drug repurposing did not deliver on its promise. While success was observed with some repurposed drugs (e.g., remdesivir, dexamethasone, tocilizumab, baricitinib), others failed to show clinical efficacy. One reason is the lack of clear translational processes based on adequate preclinical profiling before clinical evaluation. Combined with limitations of existing in vitro and in vivo models, there is a need for a systematic approach to urgent antiviral drug development in the context of a global pandemic. We implemented a methodology to test repurposed and experimental drugs to generate robust preclinical evidence for further clinical development. This translational drug development platform comprises in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models of SARS-CoV-2, along with pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation approaches to evaluate exposure levels in plasma and target organs. Here, we provide examples of identified repurposed antiviral drugs tested within our multidisciplinary collaboration to highlight lessons learned in urgent antiviral drug development during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our data confirm the importance of assessing in vitro and in vivo potency in multiple assays to boost the translatability of pre-clinical data. The value of pharmacokinetic modeling and simulations for compound prioritization is also discussed. We advocate the need for a standardized translational drug development platform for mild-to-moderate COVID-19 to generate preclinical evidence in support of clinical trials. We propose clear prerequisites for progression of drug candidates for repurposing into clinical trials. Further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the scope and limitations of the presented translational drug development platform.

Keywords: COVID-19 ; drug repurposing ; translational medicine ; pandemics ; clinical trials

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Laurent David ; Mark Wenlock ; Patrick Barton , et al. DOI: PubMed ID:

Abstract: Chameleonic properties, i.e., the capacity of a molecule to hide polarity in non-polar environments and expose it in water, help achieving sufficient permeabilily and solubility for drug molecules with high MW.We present models ofexperimental measures of polarity for a set of 24 FDA approved drugs (MW 405-1113)and one PROTAC(MW 1034). Conformational ensembles in aqueous and non-polar environments were generated using molecular dynamics, A linearregression model that predicts chromatographic apparent polarity(EPSA) with a mean unsigned error of 10 A2 was derived based on separate terms for donor, acceptor, and tolal molecular SASA. A good correlation (R'0.92) with an experimental measure of hydrogen bond donor potential, Alog Poa, was found for the mean hydrogenbond donor SASA of the confommational ensemblescaled with Abraham's A hydrogen bond acidity. Two quantitative measures of chameleonic behaviour, the chameleonic efficlency indices, are introduced. We envislon that the methods presented herein will be useful to triage designed molecules and prioritize those with the best chance of achieving acceptable permeabilily and solubility.

Keywords: chameleonic properties ; polar surface area ; hydrogen bonding ; molecular dynamics

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Product Details of [ 198904-31-3 ]

CAS No. :198904-31-3 MDL No. :MFCD08435966
Formula : C38H52N6O7 Boiling Point : No data available
Linear Structure Formula :- InChI Key :AXRYRYVKAWYZBR-GASGPIRDSA-N
M.W : 704.86 Pubchem ID :148192
Synonyms :
Latazanavir; BMS-232632
Chemical Name :1,14-Dimethyl (3S,8S,9S,12S)-3,12-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-8-hydroxy-4,11-dioxo-9-(phenylmethyl)-6-[[4-(2-pyridinyl)phenyl]methyl]-2,5,6,10,13-pentaazatetradecanedioate

Safety of [ 198904-31-3 ]

Signal Word:Warning Class:
Precautionary Statements:P280-P305+P351+P338 UN#:
Hazard Statements:H302 Packing Group:
GHS Pictogram:

Application In Synthesis of [ 198904-31-3 ]

* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.

  • Downstream synthetic route of [ 198904-31-3 ]

[ 198904-31-3 ] Synthesis Path-Downstream   1~3

  • 1
  • [ 162537-11-3 ]
  • 1-[4-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl]-4(S)-hydroxy-5(S)-2,5-diamino-6-phenyl-2-azahexane trihydrochloride [ No CAS ]
  • [ 198904-31-3 ]
YieldReaction ConditionsOperation in experiment
84% With 4-methyl-morpholine; diisopropyl-carbodiimide; In dichloromethane; isopropyl alcohol; at -10 - 20℃;Inert atmosphere;Product distribution / selectivity; Example 1 : Preparation of atazanavir using 1 equivalent of compound (II), 3.5 equivalents of compound (III), 3.5 equivalents of DIC, and 6.6 equivalents of NMM97.5 g of 1 -[4-(piridyn-2-yl)phenyl-4(S)-hydroxy]-5-(S)-2,5-diamino-6-phenyl- 2-azahexane trihydrochloride (trihydrochloride of compound (II) with a 10%wt content of isopropanol, 185.97mmol) were suspended into 683 ml of dichloromethane under nitrogen atmosphere at -10 0C. 135 ml_ (1227.40 mmol) of /V-methylmorpholine were added maintaining the temperature at -10 0C.Separately, 100.8 ml_ (650.90 mmol) of N,N-diisopropylcarbodiimide were added to a suspension of 123.2 g (650.90 mmol) of N-(methoxycarbonyl)-L- tert-leucine (compound (III)) into 975 ml of dichloromethane.Then, the first suspension was quickly transferred over the second one. The resulting mixture was warmed up to room temperature and was maintained at such temperature until the reaction was completed (93% atazanavir by HPLC, monoimpurity content: 1.2%). The reaction mixture was filtered off and was washed with 800 ml_ of water. Then, the organic phase was concentrated up to half volume and 500 ml_ of tert-butylmethylether were added. The mixture was concentrated again up to half volume. This operation was repeated three times up to a dichloromethane content equal or less to 20%. The precipitated product was recovered by filtration. 125.4 g of atazanavir were obtained (Yield =96%). Purity by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) = 98.2%, with 4% of N,N-diisopropylurea (DIU) and free of the other probable diastereomers. Molar yield =92%. Recrystallization in ethanol/water 45:55 yielded 105.34 g of atazanavir (149.5 mmol). Recrystallization yield: 84%. Purity HPLC = 99.4%, free of DIU, and free of the other probable diastereomers.The formula of the three probable diastereomers and the HPLC conditions to detect their presence are included below:d-ld-ll d-lHPLC conditions:Liquid chromatograph with UV detector equipped with automatic injector, and integration systemColumn: ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 150x4.6 mm, 5mum.Mobile phase: A (0.05% formic acid in water) and B (ACN)Gradient elution:Detection: 254 nmFlow: 1 mL/minColumn temperature: 25 0CInjection: 2 muLTime injection and chromatogram: 20 minRelative retention time of the diastereomers (RRT):
  • 2
  • [ 857900-54-0 ]
  • [ 162537-11-3 ]
  • [ 198904-31-3 ]
  • 3
  • [ 920757-34-2 ]
  • [ 198904-31-3 ]
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